Cited by 836NF-κB Signaling PathwaysInvertebrate Immune Response MechanismsImmune Response and Inflammation

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A CONSERVED SIGNALING PATHWAY: The Drosophila Toll-Dorsal Pathway

Belvin, Marcia P., Anderson, Kathryn V.·1996·Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

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Abstract

▪ Abstract The Toll-Dorsal pathway in Drosophila and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-NF-κB pathway in mammals are homologous signal transduction pathways that mediate several different biological responses. In Drosophila, genetic analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning of the embryo has defined the series of genes that mediate the Toll-Dorsal pathway. Binding of extracellular ligand activates the transmembrane receptor Toll, which requires the novel protein Tube to activate the cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase Pelle. Pelle activity controls the degradation of the Cactus protein, which is present in a cytoplasmic complex with the Dorsal protein. Once Cactus is degraded in response to signal, Dorsal is free to move into the nucleus where it regulates transcription of specific target genes. The Toll, tube, pelle, cactus, and dorsal genes also appear to be involved in Drosophila immune response. Because the IL-1R-NF-κB pathway plays a role in vertebrate innate immunity and because plant homologues of the Toll-Dorsal pathway are important in plant disease resistance, it is likely that this pathway arose before the divergence of plants and animals as a defense against pathogens.

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Progress and potential of Drosophila protein interaction maps
Stanyon, C. A., & Finley, R. L. (2000) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.1517/14622416.1.4.417 · Cited by 15
“With the exception of Tube, the Toll network genes have homologues in vertebrates: the transcriptional activator NF-κB is the vertebrate homologue of Dorsal, Toll is an interleukin-1 type receptor (IL-1R) and Pelle is homologous to IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) [33].”
Background
Mitochondrial and Innate Immunity Transcriptomes from Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae Infected with the Spodoptera frugiperda Ascovirus
Zaghloul, H. A. H., Hice, R., Bideshi, D., Arensburger, P., & Federici, B. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01985-19 · Cited by 13
Human Trophoblast Cells Modulate Endometrial Cells Nuclear Factor κB Response to Flagellin In Vitro
Caballero, I., Ghareeb, S. A., Basatvat, S., Sanchez-Lopez, J., Montazeri, M., Maslehat, N., Elliott, S., Chapman, N., & Fazeli, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039441 · Cited by 13
Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infections in Drosophila melanogaster
Luce-Fedrow, A., Ohlen, T. V. V., & Chapes, S. (2009) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00594-09 · Cited by 13
“Therefore, the loss-of-function Cactus mutants have a constitutively active Toll pathway (5, 51).”
BackgroundInfluential
Transient membrane recruitment of IRAK-1 in response to LPS and IL-1beta requires TNF R1.
Lockett, A., Goebl, M., & Harrington, M. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00500.2007 · Cited by 13
“The mPLK protein is the mouse homologue of the Drosophila pelle serine/threonine kinase, and a member of the serine/threonine innate immunity kinases (3, 42).”
Background
Transcriptional Regulation of Limulus Factor C
Wang, L.-H., Ho, B., & Ding, J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m306641200 · Cited by 13
NF-κB factors cooperate with Su(Hw)/E4F1 to balance Drosophila/human immune responses via modulating dynamic expression of miR-210
Zhou, H., Huang, Y., Jia, C., Pang, Y.-J., Liu, L., Xu, Y.-N., Jin, P., Qian, J.-J., & Ma, F. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae394 · Cited by 12
Drosophila Toll-9 is induced by aging and neurodegeneration to modulate stress signaling and its deficiency exacerbates tau-mediated neurodegeneration
Sakakibara, Y., Yamashiro, R., Chikamatsu, S., Hirota, Y., Tsubokawa, Y., Nishijima, R., Takei, K., Sekiya, M., & Iijima, K. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.105968 · Cited by 14
Evaluation of UV–B protective properties of leaves and seeds of Achyranthes aspera in Asian catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.)
Sharma, J., Kumar, D. N., Mittal, P., & Chakrabarti, R. (2022) · Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-022-00222-2 · Cited by 12
The potential role of eyestalk in the immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection II. From the perspective of long non-coding RNA.
Zhang, X., Shi, J.-L., Sun, Y.-L., Wang, Y.-L., & Zhang, Z.-P. (2022) · Fish and Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.007 · Cited by 12
Toll-Like Receptor Stimulation by MicroRNAs in Acute Graft-vs.-Host Disease
Zitzer, N. C., Garzon, R., & Ranganathan, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02561 · Cited by 12
Murine TLR2 expression analysis and systemic antagonism by usage of specific monoclonal antibodies.
Meng, G.-X., Grabiec, A., Rutz, M., Metzger, J., Luppa, P., Wagner, H., Bauer, S., & Kirschning, C. (2005) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.015 · Cited by 12
Nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor modulates antimicrobial peptide expression for host innate immunity in Tribolium castaneum.
Choi, B.-Y., Park, W.-R., Kim, Y.-J., Mun, S., Park, S.-J., Jeong, J.-H., Choi, H.-S., & Kim, D.-K. (2022) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103816 · Cited by 11
Influence of Metarhizium anisopliae (IMI330189) and Mad1 protein on enzymatic activities and Toll-related genes of migratory locust
Abro, N. A., Wang, G.-J., Ullah, H., Long, G.-L., Hao, K., Nong, X., Cai, N., Tu, X.-B., & Zhang, Z.-H. (2019) · Environmental science and pollution research international · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05158-2 · Cited by 11
Fatty acid binding protein regulate antimicrobial function via Toll signaling in Chinese mitten crab
Wang, S., Zhu, Y.-T., Li, X., Wang, Q., Li, J.-Y., & Li, W.-W. (2017) · Fish and Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.036 · Cited by 11
“These results revealed that EsFABP3 can regulate the transport of dorsal protein from the cytoplasm to then nucleus, which suggests that EsFABP3 could be regulated by AMP expression via the Toll pathway [49].”
Background
The Mosquito Immune System and Its Interactions With the Microbiota: Implications for Disease Transmission
Rodgers, F. H., Gendrin, M., & Christophides, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805350-8.00006-4 · Cited by 11
Innate Immunity in the Horseshoe Crab
Kawabata, S., Osaki, T., & Iwanaga, S. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-320-0_6 · Cited by 11
Supplementation of Clostridium butyricum LV1 lyophilised powder to cottonseed protein concentrate basal diets improves growth, intestinal microbiota, and immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei
Wang, Q., Fan, D., Hu, Y.-D., Liu, H.-Y., Tan, B.-P., & Xie, S.-W. (2024) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741334 · Cited by 10
Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress by overexpressed S100A4 ameliorates retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury of mice
Yang, J., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Yang, N., Luo, J., He, T., & Xing, Y.-Q. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03709-w · Cited by 10
“Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathway can be activated in a variety of diseases including ischemia [30].”
Growth Performance, Nutritional Quality, and Immune-Related Gene Expression of the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in Pond Ecosystem as Influenced by Stocking Density
Wang, Z., Mao, Z., Li, X., Zhu, M.-J., Li, L., Mei, F., Huang, P.-Y., Hou, J., Jian, S.-Q., & Zhao, D.-X. (2022) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes7060362 · Cited by 10
“Dorsal and Tube are important mediator genes and core components in the Toll signaling pathway and play significant roles in immune signaling [37,38].”
Background
The role of micro RNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of Drosophila melanogaster’s innate immunity
Lu, M. Y., & Chtarbanova, S. (2022) · Fly · doi:10.1080/19336934.2022.2149204 · Cited by 10
“The two Drosophila Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways Toll and Immune deficiency (IMD) (Figures 1 and 2) are evolutionarily conserved and homologous to the mammalian Tolllike receptor (TLR)/Interleukin-1 Receptor (IL1 R) and Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) pathways, respectively [2,3].”
Background
Insights into the Gryllus bimaculatus Immune-Related Transcriptomic Profiling to Combat Naturally Invading Pathogens
Hussain, A., Ali, M. W., AlJabr, A. M., & Al-Kahtani, S. N. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6040232 · Cited by 10
“Their role in the insect immune signaling pathway has been explored by Belvin and Anderson [48].”
Background
The initial analysis of a serine proteinase gene (AccSp10) from Apis cerana cerana: possible involvement in pupal development, innate immunity and abiotic stress responses
Gao, L.-J., Wang, H.-F., Liu, Z.-G., Liu, S.-C., Zhao, G.-D., Xu, B.-H., & Guo, X.-Q. (2017) · Cell stress & chaperones (Print) · doi:10.1007/s12192-017-0818-5 · Cited by 10
“Studies have indicated that serine proteinases with clip-domains play a significant role in embryonic development and immune responses (An et al. 2009; Belvin and Anderson 1996; Iwanaga et al. 1998; Kanost et al. 2004; Ligoxygakis et al. 2002).”
Background
PPARγ ameliorated LPS induced inflammation of HEK cell line expressing both human Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MD2
Darehgazani, R., Peymani, M., Hashemi, M.-S., Omrani, M., Movafagh, A., Ghaedi, K., & Nasr-Esfahani, M. (2016) · Cytotechnology (Dordrecht) · doi:10.1007/s10616-015-9893-6 · Cited by 10
Mapping toll-like receptor signaling pathway genes of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) with FISH
Zhao, B., Zhao, L., Liao, H., Cheng, J., Lian, S.-S., Li, X., Huang, X.-T., & Bao, Z. (2015) · Journal of Ocean University of China · doi:10.1007/s11802-015-2643-8 · Cited by 10
“Toll protein was first reported in Drosophila melanogaster (Belvin and Anderson, 1996), and it has now been identified in a wide range of species (Coscia et al.”
Background
Emerging targets in human lymphoma: targeting the MYD88 mutation
Wang, J. Q., Jeelall, Y., & Horikawa, K. (2013) · doi:10.2147/blctt.s35292 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, MYD88 deficient drosophila flies have crippled defense against fungal and microbial infections, and mammalian models of MYD88 deficiency have drastically poor defense against a plethora of pathogens.(32,33) Given the crucial role of MYD88 in the immune system of a wide range of organisms, it is not surprisin…”
Colostrum and Amniotic Fluid from Different Species Exhibit Similar Immunomodulating Effects in Bacterium-Stimulated Dendritic Cells
Møller, H. K., Fink, L. N., Sangild, P. T., & Frøkiær, H. (2011) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2010.0070 · Cited by 9
“It is well known that different animals express the same family of toll-like receptors (TLRs) leading to similar recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in various animals (Belvin and Anderson 1996).”
Toll‐like receptors and dermatology
Petry, V., & Gaspari, A. A. (2009) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04111.x · Cited by 10
Role of toll-like receptors in regulatory functions of T and B cells
Chang, Z. (2008) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0184-x · Cited by 10
Nuklearfaktor-kappa-B (NF-κB) Teil 1: Funktion und Regulation
Messer, G., & Rupec, R. (2001) · Der Hautarzt · doi:10.1007/pl00002607 · Cited by 12
High-Throughput RNAi Screen in Drosophila
DasGupta, R., & Gonsalves, F. C. (2008) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-469-2_13 · Cited by 12
ERK MAP Kinase
Radziwill, G. (2008) · xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference · doi:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.62902-2 · Cited by 10
“Tube‐Pelle DD complex (Xiao et al ., 1999) revealed an unexpected similarity in the binding motifs of Tube and PEA-15 (Figure 6). The interaction between Tube and the serine/threonine kinase Pelle through their N-terminal DDs is required for the activation of dorsal‐ventral patterning genes during Drosophila embryogen…”
Background
Regulation of antibacterial and antifungal innate immunity in fruitflies and humans
Williams, M. J. (2001) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(01)79005-0 · Cited by 10
The utility of Drosophila melanogaster as a fungal infection model
Mpamhanga, C. D., & Kounatidis, I. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349027 · Cited by 14
Characterization and function analysis of a Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor in the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus.
Wang, Y., Wang, B.-J., Liu, M., Jiang, K.-Y., Wang, M., & Wang, L. (2020) · Developmental and Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2020.103871 · Cited by 9
Dynamic Repositioning of Dorsal to Two Different κB Motifs Controls Its Autoregulation during Immune Response in Drosophila
Mrinal, N., & Nagaraju, J. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.097196 · Cited by 9
Conserved mechanisms of signal transduction by Toll and Toll-like receptors.
Gangloff, M., Weber, A., & Gay, N. (2005) · Journal of Endotoxin Research · doi:10.1179/096805105x67274 · Cited by 9
Identification of new signaling components in the Drosophila genome sequence
Pietrokovski, S., & Shilo, B. (2001) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s101420000023 · Cited by 9
“The Toll pathway was initially dissected on the basis of its role in specification of the embryonic dorso-ventral axis ( Belvin and Anderson 1996 ).”
Innate Immune Response of TmToll-3 Following Systemic Microbial Infection in Tenebrio molitor
Kojour, M. A. M., Jang, H., Lee, Y. S., Yong, H.-J., & Han, Y.-O.-S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076751 · Cited by 8
“Toll, which was the first of these receptors to be discovered, was initially noted for its role in dorsal–ventral patterning in Drosophila embryos [2] and was later shown to participate in the immune response against fungi and Gram-positive bacteria in larvae and adults [3].”
Background
HSP40 mediated TLR-Dorsal-AMPs pathway in Portunus trituberculatus.
Ni, M.-Q., Zhang, Y., Zheng, J., & Cui, Z. (2023) · Fish and Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108536 · Cited by 8
Interaction analysis of miRNA and mRNA in the head kidney of black seabass (Centropristis striata) after Vibrio harveyi infection
Qiao, Y., Ma, X.-W., Zhong, S., & Zhang, M. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736886 · Cited by 8
Receptor-Like Kinases and Environmental Stress in Plants
Shumayla, Tyagi, S., & Upadhyay, S. K. (2019) · Energy, environment, and sustainability · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0690-1_4 · Cited by 39
Identification of Regulatory Host Genes Involved in Sigma Virus Replication Using RNAi Knockdown in Drosophila
Liao, J.-F., Wu, C.-P., Tang, C.-K., Tsai, C.-W., Rouhová, L., & Wu, Y.-L. (2019) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects10100339 · Cited by 8
“PRRs can be membrane bound, such as Toll, domeless (dome) [23], and peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) [24].”
Background
Serum Toll-Like Receptor-2, Toll-Like Receptor-4 Levels in Patients with HBeAg-Negative Chronic Viral Hepatitis B
Akbal, E., Koçak, E., Köklü, S., Ergül, B., Akyürek, Ö., & Yilmaz, F. (2017) · Viral immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2016.0131 · Cited by 8
“They also play a crucial role in the regulation of the interaction between initial response and adaptive immunity (2).”
Background
The Friend of GATA Transcriptional Co-Regulator, U-Shaped, Is a Downstream Antagonist of Dorsal-Driven Prohemocyte Differentiation in Drosophila
Gao, H., Baldeosingh, R., Wu, X., & Fossett, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155372 · Cited by 9
“Moreover, core downstream effectors of the Toll signaling cascade are conserved, including MyD88, IRAK-1 (Pelle) and IRAK-4 (Tube) [46,47].”
Background
Solution structure of the isolated Pelle death domain
Moncrieffe, M. C., Stott, K., & Gay, N. J. (2005) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.009 · Cited by 8
“The Toll pathway in Drosophila functions in establishing dorsoventral polarity in embryos and additionally, in the innate immune response to Gram-positive bacteria [1].”
Background

Authors: Belvin, M. P., & Anderson, K. V.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: Belvin, Marcia P.
Anderson, Kathryn V.
Venue: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 393-416
ISSN: 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
1530-8995
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.393
OpenAlex: W2098336582
Cited by: 836
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 5.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords: Drosophila, Toll receptor, tubes, dorsoventral patterning, embryonic patterning, innate immunity, interleukin-1 receptor, NF-κB, evolution of signaling pathways, plant disease resistance, conserved signaling pathways
MeSH terms: Animals, Drosophila, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

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A CONSERVED SIGNALING PATHWAY: The Drosophila Toll-Dorsal Pathway

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