Cited by 861Child Abuse and TraumaChild Welfare and AdoptionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Child Maltreatment

Cicchetti, Dante, Toth, Sheree L.·2005·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029

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Abstract

Child maltreatment exemplifies a toxic relational environment that poses significant risks for maladaptation across biological and psychological domains of development. Research on child maltreatment can inform developmental theory, but more importantly, it can enhance the quality of clinical, legal, and policy-making decisions for maltreated children. This chapter addresses definitional, epidemiological, and etiological aspects of child maltreatment. A developmental psychopathology perspective is directed toward the discussion of the psychological and neurobiological sequelae of child maltreatment. Implications for prevention, intervention, and social policy are discussed, and recommendations for future research are proffered.

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Background
Perceptions of danger, tolerance of delinquency, and economic disadvantage: Examining neighborhood influences on child physical abuse
Kotlaja, M. M., Fagan, A. A., & Wright, E. M. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104562 · Cited by 7
Language Skills of Vulnerable Children With Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Difficulties: An Australian Primary School Sample
Eadie, P. A., Snow, P. C., Stark, H. L., Sidoti, N., & Berndt, J. (2020) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/0198742920945635 · Cited by 10
Profiling nonhuman primate germline RNA to understand the legacy of early life stress
Morin, E. L., Garza, K. M., Aoued, H. S., Sannigrahi, S., Siebert, E. R., Howell, B., Walum, H., Sánchez, M. M., & Dias, B. G. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2501 · Cited by 6
Childhood Maltreatment and Mid-Life Adult Sexuality: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study
Talmon, A., Uysal, A., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02030-8 · Cited by 7
Child Maltreatment and Substance Use: A Behavior Genetic Analysis
Azimi, A. M., & Connolly, E. J. (2022) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595211064207 · Cited by 8
“Child maltreatment that occurs early in life is a strong indicator of parent–child dysfunction (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005) and may also be an indication of certain common genetic predispositions (Pezzoli et al., 2019; Pittner et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
What changes during specialized foster care? A study on adaptive functioning and emotional and social problems
Åkerman, A. E., Holmqvist, R., & Falkenström, F. (2022) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12972 · Cited by 9
“Numerous studies have shown that maltreatment such as neglect and physical abuse poses risks for mental illness and negative development (e.g. Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Gardner et al., 2019; Gruhn & Compas, 2020; Norman et al., 2012).”
“Why is my skin so intimidating to you?”: Exploring social connectivity and racial identity of youth of color with foster care experience
Ludeke, R. D. (2022) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2022.2125483 · Cited by 8
“…poor performance on standardized tests, increased special education participation, reduced social adjustment, increased delinquent behaviors in school, and increased episodes of school discipline (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Dotterer & Lowe, 2011; Eckenrode, Laird, & Doris, 1993; Greeson et al., 2011).”
Background
Childhood Misfortune, Personality, and Heart Attack: Does Personality Mediate Risk of Myocardial Infarction?
Morton, P. M., Turiano, N. A., Mroczek, D. K., & Ferraro, K. F. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw021 · Cited by 7
Effects of early life stress on cocaine self-administration in post-pubertal male and female rhesus macaques
Wakeford, A. G. P., Morin, E. L., Bramlett, S. N., Howell, B., McCormack, K. M., Meyer, J. S., Nader, M. A., Sánchez, M. M., & Howell, L. L. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05254-8 · Cited by 7
Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment and malnutrition on personality maladaptivity in a Barbadian longitudinal cohort
Hock, R. S., Rabinowitz, A. G., Bryce, C. P., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Costa, P. T., & Galler, J. R. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113016 · Cited by 7
Leveraging the developmental science of psychosocial risk to strengthen youth psychotherapy
Vaughn, R., & Weisz, J. R. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420002035 · Cited by 12
Family Violence
Lloyd, S. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3987-5_20 · Cited by 8
Organized and Unstructured Activity Participation Among Adolescents Involved with Child Protective Services in the United States
Kwak, Y., Lu, T. R., & Christ, S. L. (2017) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-017-9392-3 · Cited by 9
Adverse childhood experiences, anger, and violence among justice-involved youth: A network analysis
Li, N., Shelton, M. D., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107301 · Cited by 6
Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment Among Postpartum Women—Prevalence of Psychosocial Risk Factors for Child Welfare: An Independent Replication Study
Hitzler, M., Bach, A. M., Köhler‐Dauner, F., Gündel, H., & Kolassa, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.836077 · Cited by 6
Impact of poly-victimization and resilience on anxiety: Delinquent and non-delinquent youth samples
Pires, A. R., & Almeida, T. C. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107271 · Cited by 6
Adverse childhood experiences screening in healthcare settings: A focus on pediatric primary care
Negriff, S. L., Sidell, M. A., & DiGangi, M. J. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106709 · Cited by 6
Uncontrolled Eating Through the Lens of Mentalization and Emotional Eating: The Moderating Role of Food Addiction
Rossi, A. A., Tagliagambe, A., Scuderi, A., Ragione, L. D., & Mannarini, S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17203233 · Cited by 8
“Consequently, individuals with impaired reflective functioning may seek to defend themselves from these distressing or threatening emotions [39,45,46] by relying on mal-adaptive coping strategies [41,42,47] that provide an immediate relief [32,48]—such as emotionally driven, compulsive, disordered…”
Heterogeneity in the Continuity and Change of Early and Adult Risk Factor Profiles of Incarcerated Individuals: A Latent Transition Analysis
Fox, B., Kortright, K. E., Gill, L. M., Mora, D. O., Moule, R. K., & Verona, E. (2020) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204020939648 · Cited by 9
“…early risk factors (e.g. head injury), and the biological stress response to ACEs and trauma can alter brain structures and functions important for developing self-control, emotional control, and behavioral control (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Hart & Rubia, 2012; Raine, 2014; Witt et al., 2010).”
Background
Unpacking the Criminogenic Aspects of Stress Over the Life Course: The Joint Effects of Proximal Strain and Childhood Abuse on Violence and Substance Use in a High-Risk Sample of Women
Slocum, L. A., Medel, J., Doherty, E. E., & Simpson, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278211068188 · Cited by 6
“Specifically, the life-course perspective specifies the mechanisms through which child abuse can “carry over” to adulthood, leading to differential responses to strain (Cicchetti and Toth 2005; Turner and Lloyd 1995).”
Background
The influence of child maltreatment on teacher-student and peer relationships: The mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression
Wang, X., Ding, W., Xie, R., Wu, W., Jiang, M., Kayani, S., & Li, W. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03268-8 · Cited by 6
“We have reason to believe that child maltreatment symbolizes an unfavorable relationship environment (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005).”
Background
Correlations between childhood maltreatment and anxiety and depressive symptoms and risk behaviors in school adolescents
Reis, D. M. L., Ribeiro, M. F., Couto, I. S. L., de Vasconcelos, N. S. S. M., Bonavides, D., Botelho, A. C., de Souza, C. L. S. G., Hemanny, C., & de Oliveira, I. R. (2023) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0456 · Cited by 6
Psychosocial Risk Factors and Psychopathological Outcomes: Preliminary Findings in Italian Pregnant Women
Infurna, M. R., Bevacqua, E., Costanzo, G., Falgares, G., & Giannone, F. (2023) · Women · doi:10.3390/women3010010 · Cited by 7
Childhood Maltreatment and Empathy in Community and Justice Samples: The Moderating Role of Positive Childhood Experiences
Almeida, T. C., Guarda, R., & Cunha, O. S. (2024) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2024.2385924 · Cited by 6
“CM is related to adverse outcomes on social abilities, such as the low capacity to learn important social skills to engage with others and maladaptive emotional regulation (Cicchetti and Toth 2005).”
Amygdala connectivity is associated with withdrawn/depressed behavior in a large sample of children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®
Thomas, E., Juliano, A., Owens, M. M., Cupertino, R. B., Mackey, S., Hermosillo, R. J. M., Miranda-Domínguez, Ó., Conan, G., Ahmed, M., Fair, D. A., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111877 · Cited by 9
How Ineffective Family Environments Can Compound Maldevelopment of Critical Thinking Skills in Childhood Abuse Survivors
Kostolitz, A., Hyman, S. M., & Gold, S. N. (2014) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2014.931318 · Cited by 7
Associations between child physical abuse potential, observed maternal parenting, and young children's emotion regulation: Is participation in Early Head Start protective?
Paschall, K. W., Mastergeorge, A. M., & AYOUB, C. C. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21767 · Cited by 6
A Conceptual Model of the Intergenerational Transmission of Emotion Dysregulation in Mothers with a History of Childhood Maltreatment
Cabecinha‐Alati, S., Langevin, R., & Montreuil, T. C. (2020) · International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience · doi:10.7202/1072588ar · Cited by 9
Rethinking Child Maltreatment: Children’s Perceptions of Physical and Emotional Maltreatment—Initial Findings
Rosenthal, A., & Ben‐Arieh, A. (2022) · International Journal on Child Maltreatment Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s42448-021-00108-3 · Cited by 6
“…progress that has been made in acknowledging the phenomenon and developing guidelines for intervention and policy, it seems that there is no clear consensus in the literature regarding the specific definition of CM nor measures of its severity and these remain elusive (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005).”
Background
Relationship among Child Maltreatment, Parental Conflict, and Mental Health of Children during the COVID-19 Lockdown in China
Bai, Y., Fu, M., Wang, X., Liu, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, B., & Guo, J. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-022-00478-x · Cited by 7
“Second, children who experience maltreatment are at higher risk of insecure attachments (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005), which are linked with greater depressive symptoms (Toth & Cicchetti, 1996).”
Background
What Do We Know and Why Does It Matter? The Dissemination of Evidence‐Based Interventions for Child Maltreatment
Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., Nilsen, W., & Manly, J. T. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119095699.ch15 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Early Life Adversity and Empathy: A Scoping Review of Past Research and Recommendations for Future Directions
Kahhalé, I., Byrd, A. L., & Hanson, J. L. (2025) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00516-8 · Cited by 7
“When this modeling or instruction by caregivers is poor or inconsistent, children may have an insufficient understanding of how to relate to others’ thoughts and emotions (Luke and Banerjee, 2012) or develop alterations in attachment behavior (Cicchetti and Toth, 2005).”
Even less visible: disadvantaged children in disadvantaged countries
Selçuk, B., Karakas, C., Tuncay, İ., & Can, B. (2022) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2022.2157398 · Cited by 5
“In contrast, traumatic life events such as migration, familial violence, a chaotic home environment, and poverty have a very adverse influence on the development of self-regulation (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Loomis, 2020).”
Background
Childhood Maltreatment Experiences in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parental Burnout: The Mediating Role of Epistemic Stances
Carone, N., Tracchegiani, J., Benzi, I. M. A., Boldrini, T., Cacioppo, M., Muzi, L., Parolin, L. A. L., Quintigliano, M., & Fontana, A. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251343202 · Cited by 5
“Under these circumstances, the lack of sensitivity, attunement, and responsiveness inherent in maltreatment may have impaired these mothers’ ability to clearly distinguish between representations of self and others (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005).”
Teen dating violence victimization and mental health in adulthood: The mediating roles of violence experiences and lifestyle factors
Kim, J., & Kim, T. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118423 · Cited by 6
Pathways to Harsh Parenting: Testing a Social Information Processing Model of Child Abuse Using Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling
Dănilă, I., Balázsi, R., & Băban, A. (2022) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00428-z · Cited by 5
“Child maltreatment is happening at alarmingly high rates worldwide (Stoltenborgh et al., 2015) and has been associated to deleterious effects on child subsequent development and well-being (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Nelson et al., 2017).”
Background

Authors: Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L.
Affiliations: Mt. Hope Family Center, Rochester, New York 14608;
ORCID: Cicchetti, Dante
Toth, Sheree L.
Venue: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2005-04-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 409-438
ISSN: 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
1548-5951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029
OpenAlex: W4231823499
Cited by: 861
References: 111
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 0.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: child abuse, developmental psychopathology, maltreatment prevention, social policy
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Child, Child Abuse, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Terminology as Topic, Personality Development, Public Policy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States

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