Update on harm-reduction policy and intervention research
Abstract
Harm reduction is a pragmatic approach to reduce the harmful consequences of alcohol and drug use or other high-risk activities by incorporating several strategies that cut across the spectrum from safer use to managed use to abstinence. The primary goal of most harm-reduction approaches is to meet individuals “where they are at” and not to ignore or condemn the harmful behaviors but rather to work with the individual or community to minimize the harmful effects of a given behavior. The current review addresses some of the newest developments with respect to harm-reduction policy, prevention, and treatment. In particular, this review highlights policies and programs that have been evaluated in peer-reviewed journals and shown to be effective at reducing the harms associated with alcohol and drug use. The overall goal of this review is to present some of the most recent developments in the field of harm reduction.
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'Meeting people where they are at' and delivering services in a nonjudgmental way is a principal component of harm reduction.
“As 'meeting people where they are at' and delivering services in a nonjudgmental way is a principal component of harm reduction (Marlatt and Witkiewitz, 2010)”
From Harm reduction outcomes and practices in Housing First: A mixed-methods systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Marlatt and Witkiewitz, 2010
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BackgroundSupply-side harm reduction strategies: Bolivia's experiment with social control
Farthing, L., & Kohl, B. (2012) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.06.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…in international as well as national programmes, particularly n Europe, although defining the exact parameters of the concept as been complicated (Ball, 2007, pp. 684–685; Cook, Bridge, & timson, 2010, p. 43; EMCDDA, 2010; Greenfield & Paoli, 2012; enton & Single, 1998; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundMobilizing drug consumption rooms: inter-place networks and harm reduction drug policy
McCann, E., & Temenos, C. (2015) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Substance use disorders: Psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms and new targets for therapy
Loftis, J. M., & Huckans, M. (2013) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…for the effectiveness of additional psychosocial treatments with addiction populations [e.g., harm reduction therapy (Logan & Marlatt, 2010; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010), mindfulness-based interventions (Zgierska et al., 2009), dialectical behavior therapy (Dimeff & Linehan, 2008), brief…”
BackgroundMarijuana Use and Well-Being in University Students
Allen, J., & Holder, M. D. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9423-1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sex Offender Treatment Outcome, Actuarial Risk, and the Aging Sex Offender in Canadian Corrections
Olver, M. E., Nicholaichuk, T. P., Gu, D., & Wong, S. C. P. (2012) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/1079063212464399 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“For instance, the concept of harm reduction emphasizes decreasing the frequency and severity of a maladaptive behavior (see Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundChiauzzi, E. J., DasMahapatra, P., Lobo, K., & Barratt, M. J. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.800117 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Harm reduction approaches are pragmatic and nonjudgmental, and may or may not focus on treatment goals such as abstinence (Hunt et al., 2003; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundHenwood, B. F., Padgett, D. K., & Tiderington, E. (2014) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-013-9318-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Although harm reduction began as a grass roots effort to limit the spread of HIV and hepatitis B infections in the 1980s,(4) it is now considered a legitimate alternative to an abstinence-based approach to addressing drug use in a broad array of health and mental health services.(5) Within homeless services, harm redu…”
BackgroundHarm reduction outcomes and practices in Housing First: A mixed-methods systematic review
Kerman, N., Polillo, A., Bardwell, G., Gran-Ruaz, S., Savage, C., Felteau, C., & Tsemberis, S. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109052 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Midford, R., Mitchell, J., Lester, L., Cahill, H., FOXCROFT, D. R., Ramsden, R., Venning, L., & Pose, M. (2013) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.05.012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Short, V. L., Gannon, M., Weingarten, W., Kaltenbach, K., LaNoue, M., & Abatemarco, D. J. (2017) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2244-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Mindfulness has been shown to positively affect a variety of psychological issues, including preventing relapse for depression (Segal Z 2002) and substance abuse (Blume and Marlatt 2009, Hsu et al. 2008; Marlatt and Witkiewitz 2010; Zgierska et al. 2009) and reducing negative physical and psychological responses to st…”
BackgroundNalmefene: a new approach to the treatment of alcohol dependence
Paillé, F., & Martini, H. (2014) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s45666 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“This approach, better adapted to patients who do not wish (or cannot) remain totally abstinent is able to considerably reduce the damage related to alcohol consumption.(49,50) This objective, which is more accessible and better accepted because it more closely corresponds to the patient’s preference, can enable the pa…”
Effects of personality on use of medications, alcohol, and cigarettes during pregnancy
Ystrøm, E., Vollrath, M. E., & Nordeng, H. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-011-1197-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Both “neurotic” and non-conscientious pregnant women might profit from cognitive behavior modification techniques, such as selfrecording of problematic health behaviors, and more frequent follow-ups, including skills training, systematic verbal rewards for small improvements, and relapse prevention [37].”
BackgroundExecutive functioning in chronic alcoholism and Korsakoff syndrome
Maharasingam, M., Macniven, J. A. B., & Mason, O. J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.795527 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“This supports the argument for the harm-reduction policy in chronic alcoholism, aimed at minimizing the impact of problem drinking on the individual and wider society (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Limits of Autonomy: Ideals in Care for People with Learning Disabilities
Pols, J. J., Althoff, B., & Bransen, E. (2017) · Medical Anthropology · doi:10.1080/01459740.2017.1367776 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Strıke, C., Guţă, A., de Prinse, K., Switzer, S., & Carusone, S. C. (2014) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.02.012 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Shoptaw, S., Li, M. J., Javanbakht, M., Ragsdale, A., Goodman-Meza, D., & Gorbach, P. M. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109320 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Liu, S., Zhang, R., & Kishimoto, T. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1738019 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“It might also be due to the increasingly popular view that community health workers make contributions in reducing the burden of common mental disorders (Asarnow & Miranda, 2014; M. S. Atkins et al., 2017; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010; Singla et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAddressing health inequities through social inclusion: The role of community organizations
Belle‐Isle, L., Benoit, C., & Pauly, B. (2014) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750314527324 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…Association, 2010), harm reduction has emerged as a pragmatic approach to reduce the ill-health effects from drug use, including the transmission of HIV and hepatitis C, by providing health services such as needle exchange programmes to people who inject drugs (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2009).”
BackgroundTurning a blind eye: Implementation of harm reduction in a transitional programme setting
Pauly, B., Wallace, B., & Barber, K. (2018) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2017.1337081 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Harm reduction refers to a philosophy, policies, programmes and strategies that aim to reduce the harms of substance use without requiring a reduction in use (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundSnelleman, M., Schoenmakers, T. M., & van de Mheen, D. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12817 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“A number of possible measures have been proposed, for example, assessing the number of drinking days or the amount of alcohol consumed per drinking day, or a combination of these quantity and frequency measures (e.g., Marlatt and Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundEspinet, S. D., Motz, M., Jeong, J. J., Jenkins, J. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2016) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2016.1140148 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In the integrated approach, the maternal role is considered (Ashley et al. 2003; Greenfield et al. 2007; Suchman et al. 2008, 2010, 2011; Milligan et al. 2010), and barriers of shame and guilt are addressed (Smith 2007; Marlatt & Witkiewitz 2010).”
BackgroundHarm Reduction Principles in a Street Medicine Program: A Qualitative Study
Frankeberger, J., Gagnon, K. W., Withers, J., & Hawk, M. E. (2022) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-022-09807-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
We know the streets:” race, place, and the politics of harm reduction
Owczarzak, J., Weicker, N., Urquhart, G., Morris, M., Park, J. N., & Sherman, S. G. (2020) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102376 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Differences between abstinent and non-abstinent individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorders
Subbaraman, M. S., & Witbrodt, J. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In the broadest sense, harm reduction seeks to reduce problems related to drinking behaviors and supports any step in the right direction without requiring abstinence (Marlatt and Witkiewitz 2010).”
BackgroundHarm Reduction, Stigma and the Problem of Low Compassion Satisfaction
Knaak, S. J., Christie, R., Mercer, S., & Stuart, H. L. (2019) · Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Nursing · doi:10.22374/jmhan.v3i1.37 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rodda, S. N. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10070-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
O’Logbon, J., Wickersham, A., Williamson, C., & Leightley, D. (2023) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2023.2245902 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pauly, B., King, V., Smith, A. R., Tranquilli-Doherty, S., Wishart, M., Vallance, K., Stockwell, T. R., & Sutherland, C. (2020) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2020.1764500 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kirouac, M., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000344 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationMyer, A. J., & Belisle, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/0022042617727513 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“All these approaches work to provide a comprehensive public health approach to drug use that does not solely focus on sobriety but more on the reduction of the harms and risks related to drug use, specifically injection drug use (Lenton & Single, 1998; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundAndrade, T., Santiago, L., Amari, E., & Fischer, B. (2010) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.3109/09687637.2010.506898 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“‘Pitilho’ use does not eliminate crack use or treat its underlying causes; yet, it may reduce some of its key and acutely harmful effects to the user, and is thus consistent with the principles of ‘harm reduction’ and public health (Hall, 2007; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
ResultHawkins, E., Malte, C., Baer, J., & Kivlahan, D. (2012) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.11.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Models that are consistent with the patient-centered and safer use principles of harm reduction (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010) and that emphasize coordination of comorbid mental health and health problems (IOM, 2006; Saitz, Larson, Labelle, Richardson, & Samet, 2008), concurrent and long-term…”
MethodHarm Reduction for Youth in Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: One Size Does Not Fit All
Bagot, K. S., & Kaminer, Y. (2018) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-018-0217-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
O’Connor, M. J., Quattlebaum, J., Castañeda, M., & Dipple, K. M. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13111 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Substance use stigma: A systematic review of measures and their psychometric properties
Spata, A., Gupta, I., Lear, M. K., Lunze, K., & Luoma, J. B. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100237 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Structural stigma also impedes effective harm reduction policies such as safe consumption sites (Ahrens, 2020; Hawk et al., 2015; Marlatt and Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundHomelessness & Health in Canada
Guirguis‐Younger, M., Hwang, S. W., & McNeil, R. (2014) · University of Ottawa Press eBooks · doi:10.26530/oapen_515362 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Brown, C. G., & Stewart, S. H. (2020) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732320954396 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…evidence that shows harm reduction as a realistic alternative for individuals struggling with alcohol use problems (Davis & Rosenberg, 2013; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010; Pauly et al., 2018; Sobell & Sobell, 1995; Stockwell et al., 2018; Vallance et al., 2016), harm reduction struggles to…”
BackgroundInfluentialChristie, G. I. G., Cheetham, A., & Lubman, D. I. (2020) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00336-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Alcohol Prevention and School Students
Midford, R., Ramsden, R., Lester, L., Cahill, H., Mitchell, J., FOXCROFT, D. R., & Venning, L. (2014) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.1177/0047237915579886 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“A harm minimization approach is arguably more relevant to students, as it permits an overt focus on the types of drug use decisions young people make (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundMotivation Precedes Goal Setting in Prediction of Cannabis Treatment Outcomes in Adolescents
Spinola, S., Park, A., Maisto, S. A., & Chung, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2016.1237917 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Brief Personalised Intervention for Alcohol Consumption in College Students
Clarke, N., Field, M., & Rose, A. K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131229 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Secondly, general harmreduction strategies rarely fit the population as a whole, therefore policies may be more effective if personalised to the individual [13].”
BackgroundGoal commitment predicts treatment outcome for adolescents with alcohol use disorder
Kaminer, Y., Ohannessian, C. M., McKay, J. R., Burke, R. H., & Flannery, K. M. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.035 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
da Fonsêca, V. S., Colla, A. R. D. S., Nascimento-Castro, C. D. P., Plácido, E., Rosa, J. M., Farina, M., Gil‐Mohapel, J., Rodrigues, A. L. S., & Brocardo, P. S. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-0890-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Strıke, C., Guţă, A., de Prinse, K., Switzer, S., & Carusone, S. C. (2016) · Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1747016115626496 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Harm reduction is an approach that seeks to reduce the risks associated with substance use (Marlatt and Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundForchuk, C., Serrato, J., & Scott, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2023.1113891 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Gaining acceptance from frontline staff could be challenging, particularly as current policy and legislation focus on substance supply and demand reduction which may lead to health care providers feeling contradictory, immoral, or enabling (27, 28).”
BackgroundMindfulness in Pregnancy: A Brief Intervention for Women at Risk
Abatemarco, D. J., Gannon, M., Short, V. L., Baxter, J., Metzker, K. M., Reid, L., & Catov, J. M. (2021) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-021-03243-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Stockwell, T. R., Pauly, B., Wettlaufer, A., & Chow, C. M. (2021) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agab078 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mancini, M. A., & Wyrick-Waugh, W. (2011) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-011-9451-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Studies of this approach, such as the ‘‘Housing First’’ model, have demonstrated higher rates of engagement and retention, stable housing, perceived choice, and client satisfaction of homeless persons with COD without increasing drug and alcohol use (Marlatt and Witkiewitz 2010; Padgett et al. 2006, 2008; Tsemberis et…”
MethodForchuk, C., Serrato, J., & Scott, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1279477 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Harm reduction acceptability and feasibility in a North American indigenous reserve community
Goldstein, S. C., Spillane, N. S., Nalven, T., & Weiss, N. H. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22859 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The color of safety: Ingroup-associated colors make beer safer
Loersch, C., & Bartholow, B. D. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.09.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…a number of “ party safe ” or harm-reduction techniques (e.g., counting drinks, appointing a designated driver, and using a buddy system; for review see Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010) and was modi fi ed here to contain a large image of three drink cans (Coca-Cola®, ginger ale, and a focal beverage)…”
Substance use profiles among gang-involved youth: Social ecology implications for service approaches
Bishop, A. S., Fleming, C. M., & Nurius, P. S. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105600 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Woolf-King, S. E., Firkey, M., Foley, J. D., Bricker, J., Hahn, J. A., Asiago-Reddy, E., Wikier, J., Moskal, D., Sheinfil, A. Z., Ramos, J., et al. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03649-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The primary changes at this stage were related to: (1) shifting from an abstinencebased approach to a harm reduction approach, and assuming variability in motivation to change, rather than a desire to initiate a quit attempt [60].”
BackgroundSmoked cocaine in socially-depressed areas
Delás, J., Adán, E., Díaz, O., Aguas, M., Pons, M. E., & Fuertes, R. (2010) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-7-27 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The primary goal of most harm-reduction approaches is to meet individuals “where they are at” [10].”
BackgroundDrug testing in child welfare: A systematic review
Lloyd, M. H., & Brook, J. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104389 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Harm reduction: a public health approach to prison drug use
Belisle, L. A., & Solano-Patricio, E. D. C. (2021) · International Journal of Prisoner Health · doi:10.1108/ijph-06-2021-0053 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lester, L., Midford, R., Cahill, H., Mitchell, J., Ramsden, R., FOXCROFT, D. R., & Venning, L. (2014) · Journal of Addiction & Prevention · doi:10.13188/2330-2178.1000012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Harm minimisation includes abstinence as a preventative strategy [12]: it is more broadly relevant to students [13] and does not increase up take or level of use [14,15].”
BackgroundAlcoholism Risk Reduction in France: A Modernised Approach Related to Alcohol Misuse Disorders
Brousse, G., Bendimerad, P., de Chazeron, I., Llorca, P., Perney, P., & Demattéis, M. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph111111664 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“up to total and permanent abstinence and passing through a controlled consumption [3].”
BackgroundUnderstanding overdose incidents in Canadian federal custody
McKendy, L., Biro, S. M., Miron, M., & Keown, L. A. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103131 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Livingston, N. R., Berry, K. A., Meier, E. M., Looby, A. R., & Harm Reduction Research Team (2023) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2201842 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“PBS are primary components within extant alcohol and other substance use interventions, particularly those tailored to college students (Dimeff, 1999; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundRichards, D. K., Greń, J. D., & Pearson, M. R. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107789 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Midford, R., Cahill, H., Lester, L., FOXCROFT, D. R., Ramsden, R., & Venning, L. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1110173 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Compared to a singular focus on abstinence, harm minimization is more relevant to students because it can focus flexibly on the contextual nature of drug use decisions by young people (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundMeikle, S. E., Carter, O. L., & Bedi, G. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106397 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An Updated Narrative Review on the Role of Alcohol Among Indigenous Communities
Cole, A. B., Lopez, S. V., Armstrong, C. M., Gillson, S. L., Weiss, N. H., Blair, A. L., & Walls, M. L. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00520-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Harm reduction approaches represent compassionate and pragmatic strategies applied to policy, populations, communities, or individuals that aim to minimize alcohol-related harm and enhance quality of life without requiring or advising abstinence or use reduction [90, 91].”
BackgroundKaminer, Y., Ohannessian, C. M., McKay, J. R., & Burke, R. H. (2015) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2015.09.007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These factors adhere to the conceptual framework utilized in the field of SUD (Jellinek, 1960; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2002; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010; Vaillant, 2003).”
BackgroundAddiction syndrome: Relapse and relapse prevention.
Hsu, S., & Marlatt, G. A. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13750-005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationRepositioning Social Work Practice in Mental Health in Nova Scotia
Brown, C. G., Johnstone, M., & Ross, N. (2021) · DalSpace (Dalhousie University) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Witkowski, K. G. K. (2023) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/00910260231171055 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, emerging evidence on NEPs shows promising results in reducing the spread of HIV, increasing access to health care, and decreasing mortality rates (Logan & Marlatt, 2010; Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010; B. D. Marshall et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSeeking the middle way: G. Alan Marlatt and harm reduction
Blume, A. W. (2012) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2012.657281 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Marlatt and Witkiewitz (2010) also suggested that more research be conducted to demonstrate the costeffectiveness of harm reduction.”
BackgroundRawls, E., Wolkowicz, N. R., Ham, L. S., & Lamm, C. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Midford, R., Cahill, H., Lester, L., Ramsden, R., FOXCROFT, D. R., & Venning, L. (2017) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2017.1290788 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Taking a harm minimisation, rather than an abstinence approach, to school drug education is arguably more relevant to students, as it permits discussion of drug use decisions young people make (Marlatt & Witkiewitz, 2010).”
BackgroundKlingemann, J. I., & Klingemann, H. (2017) · Alcoholism and Drug Addiction · doi:10.5114/ain.2017.72310 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Marlatt, G. A., & Witkiewitz, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- ORCID
- Witkiewitz, Katie
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2010-03-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 591-606
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W2113041994
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Keywords
- harm reduction, harm reduction policy, alcohol consumption, drug use, substance use prevention, addiction treatment, harm reduction interventions, abstinence
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Drug Therapy, Health Policy, Health Promotion, Humans, Psychotherapy, Public Policy, Temperance, Comorbidity, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Substance-Related Disorders, Harm Reduction
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