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Partitioning of Time as an Ecological Resource
Abstract
▪ Abstract Animal species have evolved different diel activity rhythms that are of adaptive value. Theory suggests that diel temporal partitioning may facilitate coexistence between competitors and between predators and prey. However, relatively few studies demonstrate a temporal shift that is predation- or competition-induced. Recorded shifts are usually within the preferred activity phase of animal species (day or night), although there are some inversions to the opposite phase cycle. Temporal partitioning is not perceived as a common mechanism of coexistence. This rarity has been variously ascribed to theoretical considerations and to the rigidity of time-keeping mechanisms, as well as to other physiological and anatomical traits that may constrain activity patterns. Our decade-long study of spiny mice of rocky deserts demonstrates that, while different factors select for activity patterns, endogenous rhythmicity may be an evolutionary constraint.
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“Similarly, there is growing evidence that within-species competition can influence the timing of an individual’s activity within the species’ normal active period (called “Temporal Partitioning”; [98]).”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [98]
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BackgroundTemporal associations in fig–wasp–ant interactions: diel and phenological patterns
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Majority of artificially lit Earth surface associated with the non-urban population
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“It is often important for individual animals to be at the right place at the right time, as this can enhance fitness by reducing risk of predation, avoiding interspecies competition for resources and increasing foraging efficiency (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003; Henderson et al. 2006; Crystal 2009).”
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“Temporal partitioning between coevolved species sharing similar resources, such as microhabitat or food, is thought to reduce the effects of competition and predation, thereby permitting their coexistence (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003; Pianka 1973).”
BackgroundInfluentialHerrera, H., Chávez, E. J., Alfaro, L. D., Fuller, T., Montalvo, V. H., Rodrigues, F., & Carrillo, E. (2018) · Revista de Biología Tropical · doi:10.15517/rbt.v66i4.32895 · Cited by 40
“…in competing species of desert rodents (Kenagy, 1973; O’Farrell, 1974), foxes (Di Bitetti, Di Blanco, Pereira, Paviolo, & Pérez, 2009), felids (Azlan & Sharma, 2006; Di Bitetti et al., 2010) and canids (Arjo & Pletscher, 1999), among other taxa (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003; Barrull et al., 2014).”
Dou, H., Yang, H., Smith, J. L. D., Feng, L., Wang, T., & Ge, J. (2019) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00508 · Cited by 34
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“…function of activity across a 24 h period is fundamental to an animal’s survival and fitness, as it enables an animal to obtain resources such as food, as well as mates, all while avoiding competitors, predators, and unfavourable environmental conditions (Daan 1981; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
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“species microclimate preference (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003).”
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“This temporal niche partitioning may have evolved and may be maintained by predation pressure, temporal distribution of food resources and competition (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003).”
BackgroundBarônio, G. J., & Torezan‐Silingardi, H. M. (2016) · Apidologie · doi:10.1007/s13592-016-0462-6 · Cited by 33
“2013), since resources are limited in space and time (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundWatabe, R., Tsunoda, H., & Saito, M. U. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16020-w · Cited by 34
Rotics, S., Dayan, T., Levy, O., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.525674 · Cited by 33
Blanchet, S., Loot, G., Bernatchez, L., & Dodson, J. J. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f08-079 · Cited by 33
“Within a complex and dynamic environment, individual activity patterns may vary at both spatial and temporal scales (Reebs 2002; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003) to optimize the trade-off between growth and survival (Kotler et al.”
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“…(Schoener 1974), viz. if they exploit different habitat and food sources (Putman 1996; Pereira et al. 2012), if their temporal activity patterns differ (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003; Hayward and Slotow 2009; RomeroMunoz et al. 2010), or if social interference is negligible (Harmsen et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSeasonal shifts in activity timing reduce heat loss of small mammals during winter
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Behaviorally-mediated trophic cascade attenuated by prey use of risky places at safe times
Palmer, M. S., Portales‐Reyes, C., Potter, C., Mech, L. D., & Isbell, F. (2021) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04816-4 · Cited by 33
Seasonal habitat use of three predatory fishes in a freshwater ecosystem
Říha, M., Rabaneda‐Bueno, R., Jarić, I., de Souza, A. T., Vejřík, L., Draštík, V., Blabolil, P., Holubová, M., Jůza, T., Gjelland, K. Ø., et al. (2022) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-022-04938-1 · Cited by 32
“Predators are an essential component of ecosystems because of their regulatory function through topdown control and behaviourally mediated effects on prey species (Carpenter et al., 1985; Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003; Pelinson et al., 2021).”
BackgroundLi, J., Schaller, G., McCarthy, T., Wang, D., Jiagong, Z., Cai, P., Basang, L., & Lu, Z. (2013) · International Journal of Biodiversity · doi:10.1155/2013/370905 · Cited by 31
“Temporal segregation is an important mechanism for these species to coexist and avoid direct confrontation [28].”
BackgroundGutman, R., Dayan, T., Levy, O., Schubert, I., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023446 · Cited by 32
“russatus are diurnally active and have even evolved some adaptations for this activity pattern (reviewed by [42,66]), they retain various physiological and morphological traits of nocturnal mammals [46,61,63,64,68,69].”
BackgroundPrieto, C., & Dahners, H. W. (2009) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1673/031.009.1601 · Cited by 32
“This theory postulates that time distribution promotes coexistence among competitive species (Schoener 1974; Richards 2002; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundRole of body size in activity budgets of mammals in the Western Ghats of India
Ramesh, T., Kalle, R., Sankar, K., & Qureshi, Q. (2015) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467415000188 · Cited by 33
“The selection for the optimal patterns of activity varies between species (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundMatley, J. K., Heupel, M. R., Fisk, A. T., Simpfendorfer, C. A., & Tobin, A. J. (2016) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf16120 · Cited by 32
Integration of Biological Clocks and Rhythms
Refinetti, R. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c100088 · Cited by 37
“However, because much of the research on the ecology of biological rhythms has been only exploratory, without adequate experimental control, this section will concentrate on the description of interspecies the partitioning of time as an ecological resource has been reviewed by Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan (279).”
Rafiq, K., Jordan, N. R., Golabek, K. A., McNutt, J. W., Wilson, A. M., & Abrahms, B. L. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.1938 · Cited by 30
“Among terrestrial species, increased activity overlap can increase interference competition [16], which within predator assemblages could, in turn, suppress populations [24], cause mesopredator release [67], and lead to trophic cascades [21].”
BackgroundGuiden, P. W., & Orrock, J. L. (2019) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arz050 · Cited by 31
“ecology and evolution (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003), and evidence that habitat degradation can lead to large-scale changes in activity timing and subsequent ecological interactions (Bennie et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialDesbiez, A., Kluyber, D., Massocato, G., & Attias, N. (2021) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12921 · Cited by 24
The effect of natural and artificial light at night on nocturnal song in the diurnal willie wagtail
Dickerson, A. L., Hall, M. L., & Jones, T. M. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151986 · Cited by 35
Intraspecific interference influences the use of prey hotspots
López‐Bao, J. V., Palomares, F., Rodrı́guez, A., & Ferreras, P. (2011) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19194.x · Cited by 31
“When the extremely clumped distribution of food does not allow spatial segregation, temporal segregation or shifts in activity may enable food sharing by unequal competitors while avoiding direct confrontation (Schoener 1974, Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundBlanchet, S., Bernatchez, L., & Dodson, J. J. (2007) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01410.x · Cited by 32
“Finally, salmonids share their environment with many potential predators, such as birds, mammals, water snakes, piscivorous fish and crayfish (e.g. Martel & Dill 1995; Ludwig et al. 2002; L’Abee-Lund et al. 2002).”
BackgroundTemporal coexistence in a carnivore assemblage from central Mexico: temporal-domain dependence
Gómez‐Ortiz, Y., Monroy‐Vilchis, O., & Castro-Arellano, I. (2019) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-019-00415-8 · Cited by 31
“Moreover, temporal activity patterns of species are ecologically important and indicate how species exploit their environments (Pianka 1973; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundFan, F., Bu, H., McShea, W., Shen, X.-L., Li, B. V., & Li, S. (2020) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01155 · Cited by 26
Slavenko, A., Dror, L., Camaiti, M., FARQUHAR, J. F. C., Shea, G. M., Chapple, D. G., & Meiri, S. (2022) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14482 · Cited by 30
“Although such shifts are considered rare (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003), frequent shifts in activity times have occurred in some lineages.”
BackgroundQuicray, M., Wilhelm, L., Enriquez, T., He, S., Scheifler, M., & Visser, B. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.9625 · Cited by 28
Arthropods as a prey resource: Patterns of diel, seasonal, and spatial availability
Vonshak, M., Dayan, T., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2009) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.11.013 · Cited by 30
“, 2005), selective forces and phylogenetic constraints (Daan, 1981; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003; Roll et al., 2006); nocturnality is probably the ancestral state in mammals and in rodents.”
BackgroundWilliner, V., Carvalho, D. D. A., & Collins, P. (2014) · Zoological studies · doi:10.1186/s40555-014-0071-x · Cited by 30
“Some of the most adaptive temporal shift in the rhythm behavior is related to the coexistence of species and ecological interaction such as predation-prey systems and competition (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
BackgroundDo ectotherms partition thermal resources? We still do not know
Paterson, J. E., & Blouin‐Demers, G. (2017) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3762-7 · Cited by 22
“Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan (2003) suggested that time is an ecological resource, but like space, the actual resource for which individuals are competing could be temperature.”
BackgroundGhara, M., Ranganathan, Y., Krishnan, A., Gowda, V., & Borges, R. (2014) · Arthropod-Plant Interactions · doi:10.1007/s11829-014-9300-9 · Cited by 28
“and Gotelli 2001), time (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003; Ranganathan et al. 2010), diet (Schoener 1968) and”
BackgroundOcellar structure is driven by the mode of locomotion and activity time in Myrmecia ants
Narendra, A., & Ribi, W. A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.159392 · Cited by 29
“To avoid predators or competitors and to maximise their chance of finding prey, animals are active at discrete times of the day (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003).”
BackgroundSeasonal variation and stability across years in a social network of wild giraffe
Prehn, S. G., Laesser, B. E., Clausen, C. G., Jønck, K., Dabelsteen, T., & Brask, J. B. (2019) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.08.018 · Cited by 29
Menzies, A. K., Studd, E. K., Majchrzak, Y. N., Peers, M. J. L., Boutin, S. A., Dantzer, B., Lane, J. E., McAdam, A. G., & Humphries, M. M. (2020) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13640 · Cited by 29
Pauli, J. N., Manlick, P. J., Tucker, J. M., Smith, G. B., Jensen, P. G., & Fisher, J. T. (2022) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/mam.12284 · Cited by 32
Chatzievangelou, D., Doya, C., Thomsen, L., Purser, A., & Aguzzi, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163808 · Cited by 29
Catano, L. B., Barton, M. B., Boswell, K. M., & Burkepile, D. E. (2016) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3794-z · Cited by 29
Gajdzik, L., Parmentier, É., Michel, L. N., Sturaro, N., Soong, K., Lepoint, G., & Frédérich, B. (2018) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13076 · Cited by 29
de Oliveira, M. L., Peres, P. H. D. F., Vogliotti, A., Grotta‐Neto, F., Azevedo, A. D. K., Cerveira, J. F., do Nascimento, G. B., Peruzzi, N. J., Carranza, J., & Duarte, J. M. B. (2016) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2016.01.004 · Cited by 28
“Published by Elsevier Gmb nisms, like the circadian clock, associated with activity rhythms that rely on these cycles (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003).”
BackgroundHow competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems
Sirot, E., Renaud, P., & Pays, O. (2016) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 · Cited by 31
Shipley, O. N., Gallagher, A., Shiffman, D., Kaufman, L., & Hammerschlag, N. (2019) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps12982 · Cited by 27
Roncal, C. M., Middendorf, E., Forsyth, A. B., Cáceres, A., Blake, J. G., Zambrano, A. M. A., & Broadbent, E. N. (2019) · Journal of Field Ornithology · doi:10.1111/jofo.12299 · Cited by 28
Ota, A., Takagi, E., Yasuda, M., Hashim, M., Hosaka, T., & Numata, S. (2019) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00772 · Cited by 28
Keller, M., Howard, D., & Hall, C. (2019) · SCIENCE NATURE · doi:10.1007/s00114-019-1653-6 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Kronfeld-Schor, N., & Dayan, T.
- Affiliations
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- ORCID
- Dayan, Tamar
- Venue
- Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-181
- ISSN
- 1543-592X (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2069
- OpenAlex
- W2159396718
- Cited by
- 1,021
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- temporal partitioning, diel activity patterns, ecological time, species coexistence, predator-prey interactions, competition (biology), spiny mouse, activity patterns, endogenous rhythms, evolutionary constraints
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