Cited by 1,021Circadian rhythm and melatoninWildlife Ecology and ConservationAnimal Ecology and Behavior Studies

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Partitioning of Time as an Ecological Resource

Kronfeld-Schor, Noga, Dayan, Tamar·2003·Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics

DOI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435

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Abstract

▪ Abstract Animal species have evolved different diel activity rhythms that are of adaptive value. Theory suggests that diel temporal partitioning may facilitate coexistence between competitors and between predators and prey. However, relatively few studies demonstrate a temporal shift that is predation- or competition-induced. Recorded shifts are usually within the preferred activity phase of animal species (day or night), although there are some inversions to the opposite phase cycle. Temporal partitioning is not perceived as a common mechanism of coexistence. This rarity has been variously ascribed to theoretical considerations and to the rigidity of time-keeping mechanisms, as well as to other physiological and anatomical traits that may constrain activity patterns. Our decade-long study of spiny mice of rocky deserts demonstrates that, while different factors select for activity patterns, endogenous rhythmicity may be an evolutionary constraint.

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“Prevailing paradigms of how species partition resources include spatiotemporal segregation (6), partitioning habitat (7), partitioning phenotypic traits of the resources, such as height strata (8) or monocots versus eudicots (9), and even through morphological differences between the competitors themselves (10).”
Background
Recovering an endangered vole and its habitat may help control invasive house mice
Haswell, P. M., López‐Pérez, A. M., Clifford, D. L., & Foley, J. E. (2022) · Food Webs · doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00267 · Cited by 5
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“On the contrary, competing or sympatric species might coevolve by achieving spatial, temporal differences in activity (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003) or by dietary segregation (Walker et al., 2007).”
Background
Diel niche partitioning of a plant-hummingbird network in the Atlantic forest of Brazil
Nieto, A., Wüest, R. O., Graham, C. H., & Varassin, I. G. (2023) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-023-05347-4 · Cited by 5
“Third, the hummingbirds we observed are closely related and may be evolutionarily constrained to being active simultaneously (Daan 1981; Kronfeld-Schor et al. 2001a, b, c; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
Background
Impact of human activities on wild ungulates in Nagarjunsagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh, India
Kumar, K., Qureshi, Q., & Jhala, Y. V. (2023) · Journal of Threatened Taxa · doi:10.11609/jott.8145.15.5.23147-23163 · Cited by 5
Nest Features and Nesting Niche Segregation in Five Iberian Steppe Passerines
Barrero, A., Caballero, B. C., Reverter, M., Gómez‐Catasús, J., la Rosa, D. B., Zurdo, J., Pérez‐Granados, C., & Traba, J. (2023) · Ardeola · doi:10.13157/arla.70.2.2023.ra4 · Cited by 5
Spatiotemporal Niche Separation among Passeriformes in the Halla Mountain Wetland of Jeju, Republic of Korea: Insights from Camera Trap Data
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“Variations in wildlife diel activity patterns originate from competition, prey, predators, or other disruptions (Ayres et al. 1986; Olson et al. 1998; Laundré et al. 2001; Neale and Sacks 2001; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
Homeostatic and circadian mechanisms of bioluminescence regulation differ between a forest and a facultative cave species of glowworm, Arachnocampa
Berry, S. E., Gilchrist, J., & Merritt, D. J. (2017) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.09.005 · Cited by 5
“amined the adaptive value of placing key physiological and behavioural processes under circadian control, including the ability to prepare for upcoming events, buffering against natural variations in light intensity and coordinating internal physiological processes (Friedrich, 2013; Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan, 2003; Sha…”
Background
Fitness effects of interspecific competition between two species of desert rodents
Katz, N., Dayan, T., & Kronfeld‐Schor, N. (2018) · Zoology · doi:10.1016/j.zool.2018.03.002 · Cited by 5
Temporal flexibility in activity rhythms of a diurnal rodent, the ice rat ( Otomys sloggetti )
Oosthuizen, M. K. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1782931 · Cited by 5
Intrapopulation genetic variation in the level and rhythm of daily activity in Drosophila immigrans
Ueno, T., & Takahashi, Y. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7041 · Cited by 5
“A reduction in inter- and intrasexual interactions, which negatively affect survival and reproduction, is likely to enhance mating success and reduce interindividual competition for resource (Hau et al., 2017; Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003; Reebs, 2002; Závorka et al., 2016).”
Background
The overlap of sympatric sun bears and Asiatic black bears in space and time
Ngoprasert, D., Steinmetz, R., Sribuarod, K., & Gale, G. A. (2022) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1007/s42991-021-00201-7 · Cited by 5
“However, time partitioning can also promote coexistence by reducing direct interference competition, especially in situations where species overlap in habitat and foods eaten (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
Background
Diel variation in movement patterns and habitat use by the Iberian endemic Cabrera vole: Implications for conservation and monitoring
Grácio, A. R., Mira, A. P. P., Beja, P. R., & Pita, R. (2016) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2016.11.008 · Cited by 5
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Jones, S., & Mikac, K. M. (2018) · Australian Mammalogy · doi:10.1071/am18028 · Cited by 5
Microhabitat partitioning in a rodent community in the arid conditions of the South-western Caspian Lowland
Магомедов, М. Ш. (2021) · Journal of Vertebrate Biology · doi:10.25225/jvb.20091 · Cited by 5
Ciclos de actividad diaria y estacional de un gremio de saurios en las dunas de arena de Viesca, Coahuila, México
la Peña, C. G.-D., GADSEN, H., Balderas, A. J. C., & CASTAÑEDA, G. (2007) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad · doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2007.001.390 · Cited by 5
“modelos ecologicos fueron calculados con el programa Ecological Methodology© Ver. 5.2 ( Krebs, 1999, 2000 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Nächtliches Licht und Lichtverschmutzung in und um Gewässer
Hölker, F., Jechow, A., Schroer, S., & Gessner, M. O. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9783527678488.hbla2018003 · Cited by 5
A global dataset of diel activity patterns in insect communities
Wong, M. K. L., & Didham, R. K. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03408-8 · Cited by 5
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Reproductive stage affects the daily behavioral patterns of parthenogenetic marbled crayfish
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“…in response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, behavioral patterns enable animals to adopt behavioral strategies that ultimately optimize fitness by minimizing risks and maximizing the foraging and reproductive success (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003; Kronfeld-Schor et al. 2013; Helm et al. 2017).”
Effects of nocturnal light environments on urban bird diversity: birds adapted to and inhabiting cities
Yang, Z., Chen, S., Yang, Y., & Li, S. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127638 · Cited by 6
Alpine ungulates adjust diel activity to the natural return of wolves amid anthropogenic pressures
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“To choose the right time for a given response or activity in face of anticipated ecological interactions in a daily manner, animal species may adaptively evolve a diel rhythm and specialize in a few particular senses (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
Background
From fire to recovery: temporal-shift of predator–prey interactions among mammals in Mediterranean ecosystems
Tomassini, O., & Massolo, A. (2024) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1007/s42991-024-00439-x · Cited by 6
“Furthermore, predators tend to adapt their locomotor activity to fit that of their prey through the diel cycle (Kronfeld-Schor and Dayan 2003).”
The Activity Patterns and Grouping Characteristics of the Remaining Goitered Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) in an Isolated Habitat of Western China
Peng, D., Zhang, Z., Chen, J., Meng, D., Liang, Y., Hu, T., Teng, L., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14162338 · Cited by 4
“In mammals, these daily activity patterns demonstrate significant plasticity in response to environmental variations, governed by physiological conditions such as endogenous clocks [4] and modulated by a range of abiotic and biotic factors [5,6].”
Background
How coevolution in daily activity rhythms governs encounters between predator and prey
Sirot, E., Benoit, T., & Hamelin, F. M. (2025) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123078 · Cited by 5
Latitude shapes diel patterns in insect biodiversity
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“According to the framework proposed by Kronfeld-Schor et al. (2003) [43], such overlap is indicative of exploitative competition, where species indirectly compete through shared resource consumption rather than direct interference.”
Differentiation of activity rhythms and space use between two competing water shrew species in a laboratory experiment
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“Nevertheless, theoretical models predict that (i) temporal partitioning may facilitate the coexistence of competitors, (ii) circadian rhythmicity allows for the differentiation of temporal niches, and (iii) two competing species that are initially active in the same phase, will differentiate their rhythms (shift their…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Scott, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103436 · Cited by 4
Variations in inter‐specific and sex‐related niche partitioning in pelagic boobies during their annual cycle
Lerma, M., Dehnhard, N., Castillo‐Guerrero, J. A., Hernández, S., Voigt, C. C., & Garthe, S. (2024) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.11255 · Cited by 4
“Niche partitioning can occur spatially (Ashmole, 1971; Navarro et al., 2013 ), temporally (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003 ), or by diet (Robertson et al., 2014 ; Shealer, 2002 ), and occur both among and within species.”
Background
Natrix natrix after dark: citizen science sheds light on the common grass snake’s nightlife
Spaseni, P., Sahlean, T. C., Gherghel, I., Zamfirescu, R., Petreanu, I.-C., Melenciuc, R., ALISTAR, C. F., Gavril, V. D., & Strugariu, A. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.17168 · Cited by 4
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“However, resource-scarce periods (like a snowy winter) can lead to higher temporal activity overlaps between animals exploiting similar resources [40,41].”

Authors: Kronfeld-Schor, N., & Dayan, T.
Affiliations: Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
Tel Aviv University (IL)
ORCID: Dayan, Tamar
Venue: Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 153-181
ISSN: 1543-592X (ISSN-L)
1545-2069
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435
OpenAlex: W2159396718
Cited by: 1,021
References: 172
Citations by year: 2026: 93 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 0.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics (publishedVersion)
Funders: Israel Science Foundation
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Keywords: temporal partitioning, diel activity patterns, ecological time, species coexistence, predator-prey interactions, competition (biology), spiny mouse, activity patterns, endogenous rhythms, evolutionary constraints

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Partitioning of Time as an Ecological Resource

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