The Martian surface radiation environment – a comparison of models and MSL/RAD measurements
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Context: The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) has been measuring the radiation environment on the surface of Mars since August 6th 2012. MSL-RAD is the first instrument to provide detailed information about charged and neutral particle spectra and dose rates on the Martian surface, and one of the primary objectives of the RAD investigation is to help improve and validate current radiation transport models.
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The cylindrical geometry used to model the Martian atmosphere and surface neglects topographical details and mass shielding that may influence measured and calculated surface dose-rates.
“The cylindrical geometry used to model the Martian atmosphere and surface is commonly used in such evaluations17–19, but nevertheless neglects topographical details (i.e. nearby boulders, hills, or valleys) and mass shielding that may influence measured and calculated surface dose-rates.”
From Validated space radiation exposure predictions from Earth to Mars during Artemis-I (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Section 3.3 (page unavailable) says that simplified geometry changed calculated particle contributions to Martian surface dose rates. Section 2.2 describes the modeled atmosphere and soil, but our copy does not identify a cylindrical geometry or say that omitted nearby boulders, hills, valleys, or mass shielding affect measured and calculated dose rates. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious verification and validation efforts have demonstrated that while available models agree well with measurements and each other for absorbed dose, substantial disagreement can be found when underlying particle fluences are compared.
“Previous verification and validation efforts have demonstrated that while available models agree well with measurements (and each other) for absorbed dose, substantial disagreement can be found when underlying particle fluences are compared8,17,18.”
From Validated space radiation exposure predictions from Earth to Mars during Artemis-I (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Backscattered neutrons contribute little to the measured absorbed dose-rate in silicon reported by the RAD detector on the Martian surface.
“Although backscattered, or albedo, neutrons are known to be present on the Martian surface17–19 and are important for human risk estimation, they contribute little to the measured absorbed dose-rate in silicon being reported by the RAD detector.”
From Validated space radiation exposure predictions from Earth to Mars during Artemis-I (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Section 3.1 says one model lacks albedo contributions to its neutron spectra, and Section 3.3 compares modeled dose rates with RAD measurements. Neither passage isolates the contribution of backscattered neutrons to RAD’s measured absorbed dose rate in silicon. A negligible contribution from particles entering from the Martian soil is noted in Section 2.1.2, but that statement concerns charged particles, not neutrons. (LLM, conf=0.68)
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Self-citationComparing HZETRN, SHIELD, FLUKA and GEANT transport codes
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Self-citationUpdated deterministic radiation transport for future deep space missions
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COMPARISON OF COSMIC-RAY ENVIRONMENTS ON EARTH, MOON, MARS AND IN SPACECRAFT USING PHITS
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Self-citationThe First Ground Level Enhancement Seen on Three Planetary Surfaces: Earth, Moon, and Mars
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Ready functions for calculating the Martian radiation environment
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Comparisons of High‐Linear Energy Transfer Spectra on the ISS and in Deep Space
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Self-citationEvaluation of HZETRN on the Martian surface: Sensitivity tests and model results
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Cosmic-ray interaction data for designing biological experiments in space
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Natural Radiation Shielding on Mars Measured With the MSL/RAD Instrument
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Self-citationThe Pivot Energy of Solar Energetic Particles Affecting the Martian Surface Radiation Environment
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Unfolding the Neutron Flux Spectrum on the Surface of Mars Using the MSL‐RAD and Odyssey‐HEND Data
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Spectral evidence for irradiated halite on Mars
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Overview of the main radiation transport codes
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The Impact of Space Radiation on Brains of Future Martian and Lunar Explorers
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Self-citationNeutron Angular Scatter Effects in 3DHZETRN: Quasi-Elastic
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Self-citationCorrect modeling results are needed to inform mission planning and shield design
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Self-citationEstimation of the Astronaut’s Doses inside the Spacecraft Habitable Module in Deep Space
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Influence of Mars Topography on Neutral Surface Radiation: Modeling and MSL/RAD Observations
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Self-citationRadiation in Space: The Physics
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Self-citationCuriosity’s Environmental Sensing Instruments
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Modelling magnetised medium particle transport in the guiding centre limit with GEANT4
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Neutron radiation dosimetry on Mars
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- Authors
- Matthiä, D., Ehresmann, B., Lohf, H., Köhler, J., Zeitlin, C., Appel, J., Sato, T., Slaba, T., Martin, C., Berger, T., Boehm, E., Boettcher, S., Brinza, D. E., Burmeister, S., Guo, J., Hassler, D. M., Posner, A., Rafkin, S. C. R., Reitz, G., Wilson, J. W., & Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- Southwest Research Institute (US)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JP)
- Langley Research Center (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Old Dominion University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- A13
- ISSN
- 2115-7251 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2291962335
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
- ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (50QM1201, 50QM0501, 1273039)
- California Institute of Technology
- Southwest Research Institute (1273039)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1273039)
- Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15K11922)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Keywords
- Mars Science Laboratory, Radiation Assessment Detector, radiation transport models, model validation, charged particle spectra, dose rate, Mars
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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