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Nanoparticles for Imaging: Top or Flop?
Open accessAbstract
Nanoparticles are frequently suggested as diagnostic agents. However, except for iron oxide nanoparticles, diagnostic nanoparticles have been barely incorporated into clinical use so far. This is predominantly due to difficulties in achieving acceptable pharmacokinetic properties and reproducible particle uniformity as well as to concerns about toxicity, biodegradation, and elimination. Reasonable indications for the clinical utilization of nanoparticles should consider their biologic behavior. For example, many nanoparticles are taken up by macrophages and accumulate in macrophage-rich tissues. Thus, they can be used to provide contrast in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and inflammatory lesions (eg, atherosclerotic plaques). Furthermore, cells can be efficiently labeled with nanoparticles, enabling the localization of implanted (stem) cells and tissue-engineered grafts as well as in vivo migration studies of cells. The potential of using nanoparticles for molecular imaging is compromised because their pharmacokinetic properties are difficult to control. Ideal targets for nanoparticles are localized on the endothelial luminal surface, whereas targeted nanoparticle delivery to extravascular structures is often limited and difficult to separate from an underlying enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The majority of clinically used nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are based on the EPR effect, and, for their more personalized use, imaging markers can be incorporated to monitor biodistribution, target site accumulation, drug release, and treatment efficacy. In conclusion, although nanoparticles are not always the right choice for molecular imaging (because smaller or larger molecules might provide more specific information), there are other diagnostic and theranostic applications for which nanoparticles hold substantial clinical potential.
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“Like almost all other nanoparticles, intravenously administered SPION are eventually cleared by macrophages in liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow, the also called mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) [143].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [143]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kiessling, F., Mertens, M. E., Grimm, J., & Lammers, T.
- Affiliations
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Venue
- Radiology
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 273
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-28
- ISSN
- 0033-8419 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-1315
- PMC
- PMC4186876
- OpenAlex
- W2101873325
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Radiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB014944)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Keywords
- nanoparticles, molecular imaging, theranostics, pharmacokinetics, nanoparticle toxicity, biodegradation, macrophage uptake, enhanced permeability and retention effect, targeted drug delivery, stem cell tracking, tissue-engineered grafts, imaging biomarkers, tissue distribution
- MeSH terms
- Biocompatible Materials, Contrast Media, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Nanoparticles
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