Molecular Imaging
Abstract
The term molecular imaging can be broadly defined as the in vivo characterization and measurement of biologic processes at the cellular and molecular level. In contradistinction to "classical" diagnostic imaging, it sets forth to probe the molecular abnormalities that are the basis of disease rather than to image the end effects of these molecular alterations. While the underlying biology represents a new arena for many radiologists, concomitant efforts such as development of novel agents, signal amplification strategies, and imaging technologies clearly dovetail with prior research efforts of our specialty. Radiologists will play a leading role in directing developments of this embryonic but burgeoning field. This article presents some recent developments in molecular sciences and medicine and shows how imaging can be used, at least experimentally, to assess specific molecular targets. In the future, specific imaging of such targets will allow earlier detection and characterization of disease, earlier and direct molecular assessment of treatment effects, and a more fundamental understanding of the disease process.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Developments in molecular imaging allow characterization of biological processes in cardiovascular disease at the cellular and molecular level.
“Developments in the field of molecular imaging allow the characterization of biological processes in cardiovascular disease at the cellular and molecular level117.”
From Perspectives and opportunities for nanomedicine in the management of atherosclerosis (2011) · cites this paper as [117]
Cites
Thornberry, N. A., & Lazebnik, Y. A. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1312 · Cited by 6,857 · see citing works
Death Receptors: Signaling and Modulation
Ashkenazi, A., & Dixit, V. M. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1305 · Cited by 5,866 · see citing works
Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis
Carmeliet, P. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/74651 · Cited by 4,146 · see citing works
Gene therapy of human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 disease.
Cavazzana-Calvo, M., Hacein-Bey, S., Basile, G. D. S., Gross, F., Yvon, E., Nusbaum, P., Selz, F., Hue, C., Certain, S., Casanova, J., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.669 · Cited by 2,703 · see citing works
Lewin, M., Carlesso, N., Tung, C., Tang, X. S., Cory, D. G., Scadden, D. T., & Weissleder, R. (2000) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/74464 · Cited by 1,716 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vivo imaging of tumors with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes
Weissleder, R., Tung, C., Mahmood, U., & Bogdanov, A. A., Jr. (1999) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/7933 · Cited by 1,591 · see citing works
Self-citationIn Vivo Endoscopic Optical Biopsy with Optical Coherence Tomography
Tearney, G. J., Brezinski, M. E., Bouma, B. E., Boppart, S. A., Pitris, C., Southern, J. F., & Fujimoto, J. G. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5321.2037 · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
Blood Vessel Formation: What Is Its Molecular Basis?
Folkman, J., & D'Amore, P. A. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81810-3 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
In vivo visualization of gene expression using magnetic resonance imaging
Louie, A. Y., Hüber, M. M., Ahrens, E. T., Rothbächer, U., Moats, R. A., Jacobs, R. E., Fraser, S. E., & Meade, T. J. (2000) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/73780 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
In Vivo Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy of Human Skin: Melanin Provides Strong Contrast
Rajadhyaksha, M. M., Grossman, M. C., Esterowitz, D., Webb, R. H., & Anderson, R. R. (1995) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606215 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Interferon Alfa-2a Therapy for Life-Threatening Hemangiomas of Infancy
Ezekowitz, R. A. B., Mulliken, J. B., & Folkman, J. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199205283262203 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Tumor Induction of VEGF Promoter Activity in Stromal Cells
Fukumura, D., Xavier, R., Sugiura, T., Chen, Y., Park, E.-C., Lu, N., Selig, M., Nielsen, G., Taksir, T., Jain, R. K., et al. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81731-6 · Cited by 996 · see citing works
A microtomographic system for the nondestructive evaluation of bone architecture
Ruegsegger, P., Koller, B. J., & Müller, R. (1996) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf02509542 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Korlach, J., Schwille, P., Webb, W. W., & Feigenson, G. W. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8461 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Detection of tumor angiogenesis in vivo by αvβ3-targeted magnetic resonance imaging
Sipkins, D. A., Cheresh, D. A., Kazemi, M. R., Nevin, L. M., Bednarski, M. D., & Li, K. C. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0598-623 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Concurrent MRI and diffuse optical tomography of breast after indocyanine green enhancement
Ntziachristos, V., Yodh, A. G., Schnall, M. D., & Chance, B. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.040570597 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of transgene expression
Weissleder, R., Moore, A. V., Mahmood, U., Bhorade, R. M., Benveniste, H., Chiocca, E. A., & Basilion, J. P. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/73219 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroPET: a high resolution PET scanner for imaging small animals
Cherry, S. R., Shao, Y., Silverman, R. W., Meadors, K., Siegel, S. B., Chatziioannou, A. F., Young, J. W., Jones, W., Moyers, J. C., Newport, D. F., et al. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/23.596981 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Dynamic functional imaging of relative cerebral blood volume during rat forepaw stimulation
Mandeville, J. B., Marota, J. J. A., Kosofsky, B. E., Keltner, J. R., Weissleder, R., Rosen, B. R., & Weisskoff, R. M. (1998) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910390415 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vivo detection and imaging of phosphatidylserine expression during programmed cell death
Blankenberg, F. G., Katsikis, P. D., Tait, J. F., Davis, R. E., Naumovski, L., Ohtsuki, K., Kopiwoda, S. Y., Abrams, M. J., Darkes, M. C., Robbins, R. C., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.6349 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Rao, V. V., Dahlheimer, J. L., Bardgett, M. E., Snyder, A. Z., Finch, R. A., Sartorelli, A. C., & Piwnica-Worms, D. R. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3900 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Visualizing Gene Expression in Living Mammals Using a Bioluminescent Reporter
Contag, C. H., Spilman, S. D., Contag, P. R., Oshiro, M., Eames, B. F., Dennery, P. A., Stevenson, D. K., & Benaron, D. A. (1997) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03184.x · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Bioluminescent indicators in living mammals
Contag, P. R., Olomu, I. N., Stevenson, D. K., & Contag, C. H. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0298-245 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Preclinical and Clinical Development of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Modulators
Senderowicz, A. M. (2000) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/92.5.376 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
High resolution X-ray computed tomography: an emerging tool for small animal cancer research
Paulus, M. J., Gleason, S. S., Kennel, S. J., Hunsicker, P. R., & Johnson, D. K. (2000) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900069 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Gambhir, S. S., Barrio, J. R., Phelps, M. E., Iyer, M. R., Namavari, M., Satyamurthy, N., Wu, L., Green, L. A., Bauer, E. M., MacLaren, D. C., et al. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2333 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Demonstration of Potential Noninvasive Ultrasound Brain Therapy Through an Intact Skull
Hynynen, K., & Jolesz, F. A. (1998) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/s0301-5629(97)00269-x · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy of in vivo human skin
Masters, B. R., So, P. T. C., & Gratton, E. (1997) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78886-6 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibition: An overview
Folkman, J. (1997) · Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-9006-9_1 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Use of Reporter Genes for Optical Measurements of Neoplastic Disease In Vivo
Contag, C. H., Jenkins, D., Contag, P. R., et al. (2000) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900079 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Monsky, W. L., Fukumura, D., Gohongi, T., Ancukiewcz, M., Weich, H. A., Torchilin, V. P., Yuan, F., & Jain, R. K. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Visualizing the kinetics of tumor-cell clearance in living animals
Sweeney, T. J., Mailänder, V., Tucker, A. A., et al. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.21.12044 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Imaging Transgene Expression with Radionuclide Imaging Technologies
Gambhir, S. S., Herschman, H. R., Cherry, S. R., Barrio, J. R., Satyamurthy, N., Toyokuni, T., Phelps, M. E., Larson, S. M., Balatoni, J., Finn, R., et al. (2000) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900083 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Chatziioannou, A. F., Cherry, S. R., Shao, Y., Silverman, R. W., Meadors, K., Farquhar, T. H., Pedarsani, M., & Phelps, M. E. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Ikeda, K., Ichikawa, T., Wakimoto, H., et al. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/11320 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Repetitive, non-invasive imaging of the dopamine D2 receptor as a reporter gene in living animals
MacLaren, D. C., Gambhir, S. S., Satyamurthy, N., Barrio, J. R., Sharfstein, S. T., Toyokuni, T., Wu, L., Berk, A. J., Cherry, S. R., Phelps, M. E., et al. (1999) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3300877 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Hu, S., Shively, L., Raubitschek, A. A., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 337 · see citing works
NMR imaging of changes in vascular morphology due to tumor angiogenesis
Dennie, J., Mandeville, J. B., Boxerman, J. L., Packard, S. D., Rosen, B. R., & Weisskoff, R. M. (1998) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910400602 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Tjuvajev, J. G., Finn, R., Watanabe, K. A., Joshi, R., Oku, T., Kennedy, J. D., Beattie, B. J., Koutcher, J. A., Larson, S. M., & Blasberg, R. G. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 332 · see citing works
A “Smart” Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agent That Reports on Specific Enzymatic Activity
Moats, R. A., Fraser, S. E., & Meade, T. J. (1997) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English · doi:10.1002/anie.199707261 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
The Hemostatic System as a Regulator of Angiogenesis
Browder, T., Folkman, J., & Pirie-Shepherd, S. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.3.1521 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Near-Infrared Optical Imaging of Protease Activity for Tumor Detection
Mahmood, U., Tung, C., Bogdanov, A. A., Jr., et al. (1999) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.213.3.r99dc14866 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationParamagnetic metal scavenging by melanin: MR imaging.
Enochs, W. S., Petherick, P., Bogdanova, A., Möhr, U., & Weissleder, R. (1997) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.204.2.9240529 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationNeri, D., Carnemolla, B., Nissim, A., Leprini, A., Querzé, G., Balza, E., Pini, A., Tarli, L., Halin, C., Neri, P., et al. (1997) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1197-1271 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Assessing tumor angiogenesis using macromolecular MR imaging contrast media
Brasch, R. C., Pham, C. D., Shames, D. M., et al. (1997) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.1880070110 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Radioisotope concentrator gene therapy using the sodium/iodide symporter gene.
Mandell, R. B., Mandell, L. Z., & Link, C. J. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Boas, D. A., O'Leary, M. A., Chance, B., et al. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.4887 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Antiangiogenic Therapy of a Recurrent Giant Cell Tumor of the Mandible With Interferon Alfa-2a
Kaban, L. B., Mulliken, J. B., Ezekowitz, R. A. B., Phil, D., Ebb, D. H., Smith, P. S., & Folkman, J. (1999) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.103.6.1145 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Detection of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer’s disease by magnetic resonance microscopy
Benveniste, H., Einstein, G., Kim, K. R., Hulette, C., & Johnson, G. A. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.14079 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
MR imaging of tumor microcirculation: Promise for the new millenium
Taylor, J. S., Tofts, P. S., Port, R. E., Evelhoch, J. L., Knopp, M. V., Reddick, W. E., Runge, V. M., & Mayr, N. A. (1999) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2586(199912)10:6 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Pinhole SPECT: an approach to in vivo high resolution SPECT imaging in small laboratory animals.
Weber, D. A., Ivanović, M., Franceschi, D., et al. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Dellian, M., Yuan, F., Trubetskoy, V. S., Torchilin, V. P., & Jain, R. K. (2000) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1054/bjoc.1999.1171 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Chance, B. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08185.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Preparation of a Cathepsin D Sensitive Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Imaging
Tung, C., Bredow, S., Mahmood, U., et al. (1999) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc990052h · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationUltra-high resolution SPECT system using four pinhole collimators for small animal studies.
Ishizu, K., Mukai, T., Yonekura, Y., et al. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Stem cell therapy and gene transfer for regeneration
Asahara, T., Kalka, C., & Isner, J. M. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301142 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Marshall, E. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.951 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
MR imaging and scintigraphy of gene expression through melanin induction.
Weissleder, R., Simonova, M., Bogdanova, A., et al. (1997) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.204.2.9240530 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationUltrasound Enhances Reporter Gene Expression After Transfection of Vascular Cells In Vitro
Lawrie, A., Brisken, A. F., Francis, S., Tayler, D. I., Chamberlain, J., Crossman, D. C., Cumberland, D. C., & Newman, C. M. H. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.20.2617 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Bogdanov, A. A., Jr., Weissleder, R., Frank, H., et al. (1993) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.187.3.8497616 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationScotland, P., Zhou, D., Benveniste, H., & Bennett, V. (1998) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.143.5.1305 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Ruff, J., Wiesmann, F., Hiller, K., Voll, S., von Kienlin, M., Bauer, W. R., Rommel, E., Neubauer, S., & Haase, A. (1998) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910400106 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Boppart, S. A., Tearney, G. J., Bouma, B. E., et al. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4256 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Measuring transferrin receptor gene expression by NMR imaging
Moore, A. V., Basilion, J. P., Chiocca, E. A., & Weissleder, R. (1998) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00002-0 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationCell cycle control as a basis for cancer drug development (Review).
McDonald, E. R., & El‐Deiry, W. S. (2000) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.16.5.871 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
A method for rapid gain-of-function studies in the mouse embryonic nervoussystem
Gaiano, N., Kohtz, J. D., Turnbull, D. H., & Fishell, G. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/12186 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Takamiya, Y., Short, M. P., Ezzeddine, Z. D., et al. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490330316 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
High-frequency color flow imaging of the microcirculation
Goertz, D. E., Christopher, D. A., Yu, J., Kerbel, R. S., Burns, P. N., & Foster, F. S. (2000) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/s0301-5629(99)00101-5 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Design and evaluation of a continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography system
Siegel, A. M., Marota, J. J. A., & Boas, D. A. (1999) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.4.000287 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Stegman, L. D., Rehemtulla, A., Beattie, B. J., et al. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.17.9821 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Characterization of psoriasis in vivo by reflectance confocal microscopy.
González, S., Rajadhyaksha, M. M., Rubinstein, G., et al. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Koretsky, A. P., Brosnan, M. J., Chen, L. H., et al. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.8.3112 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Ultrasound backscatter microscope analysis of early mouse embryonic brain development.
Turnbull, D. H., Bloomfield, T. S., Baldwin, H. S., Foster, F. S., & Joyner, A. L. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.6.2239 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Delivery of Virus-sized Iron Oxide Particles to Rodent CNS Neurons
Neuwelt, E. A., Weissleder, R., Nilaver, G., Kroll, R. A., Roman-Goldstein, S., Szumowski, J., Pagel, M. A., Jones, R. S., Remsen, L. G., McCormick, C. I., et al. (1994) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-199404000-00048 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationMuramatsu, T., Nakamura, A., & Park, H. M. (1998) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.1.1.55 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Tumor angiogenesis—new drugs on the block
Brower, V. (1999) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/13654 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Folli, S., Westermann, P., Braichotte, D. R., Pèlegrin, A., Wagnières, G., van den Bergh, H., & Mach, J. P. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Muldoon, L. L., Nilaver, G., Kroll, R. A., Pagel, M. A., Breakefield, X. O., Chiocca, E. A., Davidson, B. L., Weissleder, R., & Neuwelt, E. A. (1995) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationImaging of tumour neovasculature by targeting the TGF-β binding receptor endoglin
Bredow, S., Lewin, M., Hofmann, B., et al. (2000) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00335-4 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Cardiac MRI of the normal and hypertrophied mouse heart
Slawson, S. E., Roman, B. B., Williams, D. S., et al. (1998) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910390616 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Harsh, G. R., Deisboeck, T. S., Louis, D. N., et al. (2000) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2000.92.5.0804 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Vale, P. R., Losordo, D. W., Tkebuchava, T., Chen, D., Milliken, C. E., & Isner, J. M. (1999) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00143-6 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Barbet, J., PELTIER, P., Bardet, S., et al. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Monitoring gene therapy with cytosine deaminase: in vitro studies using tritiated-5-fluorocytosine.
Haberkorn, U., Oberdorfer, F., Gebert, J. F., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Processing of antibody-radioisotope conjugates after binding to the surface of tumor cells
Mattes, M. J., Griffiths, G. L., Diril, H., Goldenberg, D. M., Ong, G. L., & Shih, L. B. (1994) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940201)73:3+ · Cited by 98 · see citing works
A new X-ray computed tomography system for laboratory mouse imaging
Paulus, M. J., Sari‐Sarraf, H., Gleason, S. S., et al. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/23.775579 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The development of in vivo imaging systems to study gene expression
Bogdanov, A. A., Jr., & Weissleder, R. (1998) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0167-7799(97)01150-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationGene Therapy for Gliomas: Molecular Targets, Adenoviral Vectors, and Oncolytic Adenoviruses
Alemany, R., Gomez‐Manzano, C., Balagué, C., et al. (1999) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1006/excr.1999.4623 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
40-MHz echocardiography scanner for cardiovascular assessment of mouse embryos
Aristizábal, O., Christopher, D. A., Foster, F. S., et al. (1998) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/s0301-5629(98)00132-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Namavari, M., Barrio, J. R., Toyokuni, T., et al. (2000) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00095-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Noninvasive measurement of gene expression in skeletal muscle
Walter, G. A., Barton, E. R., & Sweeney, H. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.10.5151 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Imaging gene expression: Principles and assays
Gambhir, S. S., Barrio, J. R., Herschman, H. R., et al. (1999) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s1071-3581(99)90083-1 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Finally, the Book of Life and Instructions for Navigating It
Pennisi, E. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5475.2304 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Development of a small animal PET imaging device with resolution approaching 1 mm
Correia, J. A., Burnham, C. A., Kaufman, D., et al. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/23.775590 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mapping the In Vivo Distribution of Herpes Simplex Virions
Schellingerhout, D., Bogdanov, A. A., Jr., Marecos, E., et al. (1998) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.11-1543 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hospers, G. A. P., Calogero, A., van Waarde, A., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kramm, C., Sena-Esteves, M., Barnett, F. H., Rainov, N. G., Schuback, D. E., Yu, J. S., Pechan, P. A., Paulus, W., Chiocca, E., & Breakefield, X. (1995) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1995.tb00615.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Lai, W. C., & Bennett, M. (1998) · Critical Reviews in Immunology · doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.v18.i5.30 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
de Vries, E. F. J., van Waarde, A., Harmsen, M. C., Mulder, N. H., Vaalburg, W., & Hospers, G. A. P. (2000) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00105-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Diffuse optical reflection tomography using continuous wave illumination
Cheng, X., & Boas, D. A. (1998) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.3.000118 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ogura, Y., Krams, S. M., Martinez, O. M., Kopiwoda, S. Y., Higgins, J., Esquivel, C. O., Strausś, H. W., Tait, J. F., & Blankenberg, F. G. (2000) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.214.3.r00mr34795 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Non-invasive in vivo mapping of tumour vascular and interstitial volume fractions
Weissleder, R., Cheng, H., Marecos, E., et al. (1998) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00195-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel anti-cancer agents in development: exciting prospects and new challenges
Seymour, L. (1999) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1053/ctrv.1999.0134 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
High-resolution ultrasonic imaging of blood flow in the anterior segment of the eye.
Silverman, R. H., Kruse, D. E., Coleman, D. J., & Ferrara, K. W. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The DispatchTM catheter as a delivery tool for arterial gene transfer
Tahlil, O. (1997) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(96)00188-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Modulating Apoptosis: Current Applications and Prospects for Future Drug Development
Deigner, H., & Kinscherf, R. (1999) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867306666220320221415 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bogdanov, A. A., Jr., Martin, C., Bogdanova, A., Brady, T. J., & Weissleder, R. (1996) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc950089b · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationRogers, B. E., Rosenfeld, M. E., Khazaeli, M. B., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Pearson, D. A., Lister‐James, J., McBride, W. J. H., et al. (1996) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm950112e · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Quantitation of HSV mass distribution in a rodent brain tumor model
Schellingerhout, D., Rainov, N. G., Breakefield, X. O., et al. (2000) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301272 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Transgenic mouse models in carcinogenesis research and testing
Thorgeirsson, S. S., Factor, V. M., & Snyderwine, E. G. (2000) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00224-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Innovations in two-photon deep tissue microscopy
Buehler, C., Kim, K. H., Dong, C. Y., et al. (1999) · IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine · doi:10.1109/51.790988 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Reconstruction of multi-energy X-ray computed tomography images of laboratory mice
Gleason, S. S., Sari‐Sarraf, H., Paulus, M. J., Johnson, D. K., Norton, S. J., & Abidi, M. A. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/23.790832 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Thomas, J. W., Kuo, M. D., Chawla, M., et al. (1998) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/radiographics.18.6.9821188 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Dying a thousand deaths. Radionuclide imaging of apoptosis.
Blankenberg, F. G., Ohtsuki, K., & Strauss, H. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gene therapy: a primer for radiologists.
Voss, S. D., & Kruskal, J. B. (1998) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/radiographics.18.6.9821189 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Stackhouse, M. A., Buchsbaum, D. J., Kancharla, S. R., et al. (1999) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700049 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Murine Mentors: Transgenic and Knockout Models of Surgical Disease
Arbeit, J. M., & Hirose, R. (1999) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-199901000-00004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Design of metal-binding green fluorescent protein variants
Bogdanov, A. A., Jr., Simonova, M., & Weissleder, R. (1998) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00221-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategies for enhancing viral-based gene therapy using ionizing radiation
Chmura, S. J., Advani, S. J., Kufe, D. W., et al. (1999) · Radiation Oncology Investigations · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6823(1999)7:5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nemunaitis, J. J. (1999) · Investigational New Drugs · doi:10.1023/a:1006334404767 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lal, R., & Proksch, R. B. (1997) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1098(1997)8:3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stenström, M., Olander, B., Carlsson, C., et al. (1995) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/s1076-6332(05)80487-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cardiac Critical Care: The Evolution of a Novel Subspecialty
Gage, A., Higgins, A. R., & Lee, R. (2022) · Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.14797/mdcvj.1092 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bogdanov, A. A., Jr., Petherick, P., Marecos, E., et al. (1997) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(97)00117-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chromosome 21 Done, Phase Two Begun
Pennisi, E. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.939a · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hyping results 'could damage' gene therapy
Wadman, M. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378655a0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Transgenic Animal Models for Neuropharmacology
Bäder, M. (2000) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2000.11.1.27 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Systems Biology and New Technologies Enable Predictive and Preventative Medicine
Hood, L., Heath, J. R., Phelps, M. E., & Lin, B. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104635 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Applications and potential toxicity of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
Liu, G., Gao, J., Ai, H., & Chen, X. (2013) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201201531 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Atherosclerotic Plaque Composition: Analysis with Multicolor CT and Targeted Gold Nanoparticles
Cormode, D. P., Roessl, E., Thran, A., Skajaa, T., Gordon, R. E., Schlomka, J.-P., Fuster, V., Fisher, E. A., Mulder, W. J. M., Proksa, R., et al. (2010) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.10092473 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Perspectives and opportunities for nanomedicine in the management of atherosclerosis
Lobatto, M. E., Fuster, V., Fayad, Z. A., & Mulder, W. J. M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3578 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Outsourcing in the brain: Do neurons depend on cholesterol delivery by astrocytes?
Pfrieger, F. W. (2003) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.10195 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Biodegradable dendritic positron-emitting nanoprobes for the noninvasive imaging of angiogenesis
Almutairi, A., Rossin, R., Shokeen, M., Hagooly, A., Ananth, A., Capoccia, B., Guillaudeu, S., Abendschein, D., Anderson, C. J., Welch, M. J., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811757106 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Liu, G., Wang, Z., Lu, J., Xia, C., Gao, F., Gong, Q., Song, B., Zhao, X., Shuai, X., Chen, X., et al. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.099 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
MR angiography with blood pool contrast agents
Bremerich, J., Bilecen, D., & Reimer, P. (2007) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-007-0712-0 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Small animal cardiovascular MR imaging and spectroscopy
Bakermans, A. J., Abdurrachim, D., Moonen, R. P. M., Motaal, A. G., Prompers, J. J., Strijkers, G. J., Vandoorne, K., & Nicolay, K. (2015) · Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.03.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Weissleder, R., & Mahmood, U.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Radiology
- Published
- 2001-05
- Volume
- 219
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 316-333
- ISSN
- 0033-8419 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4211128641
- Cited by
- 1,315
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 8.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Radiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- molecular imaging, molecular imaging agents, signal amplification, molecular targets, early disease detection, treatment response assessment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Genetic Markers, Genetic Techniques, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Microradiography, Molecular Biology, Radionuclide Imaging, Genetic Therapy, Molecular Probe Techniques, Gene Expression Profiling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review