Electrolytes for Low‐Temperature Lithium Batteries Based on Ternary Mixtures of Aliphatic Carbonates
Abstract
The low‐temperature performance of lithium‐ion cells is mainly limited by the electrolyte solution, which not only determines the ionic mobility between electrodes but also strongly affects the nature of surface films formed on the carbonaceous anode. The surface films provide kinetic stability to the electrode (toward electrolyte) and permit charge (electron) transfer across them, which in turn determine the cycle life and rate capability of lithium‐ion cells. Aiming at enhancing low‐temperature cell performance, we have studied electrolyte solutions based on different ratios of alkyl carbonate solvent mixtures, i.e., ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC), in terms of electrolyte conductivity, film resistance, film stability, and kinetics of lithium intercalation and deintercalation, at various temperatures. Electrolytes based on the ternary mixtures of EC, DEC, and DMC emerged as preferred combination compared to the binary analogues both in terms of conductivity and surface film characteristics, especially at low temperatures. These studies are further corroborated in sealed AA cells, which showed a synergistic effect of high durability from the DMC‐based solutions and improved low‐temperature performance from the DEC‐based electrolytes. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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The ternary electrolyte 1 M LiPF6 in EC:DMC:DEC (1:1:1) resulted in the largest discharge capacity in a graphite||LiCoO2 cell.
“This resulted in the largest discharge capacity in a graphite||LiCoO 2 cell using the ternary electrolyte (Fig. 4b).”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
Compared with the binary electrolytes 1 M LiPF6 in EC:DMC (30:70) and 1 M LiPF6 in EC:DEC (30:70), the ternary electrolyte 1 M LiPF6 in EC:DMC:DEC (1:1:1) showed the highest ionic conductivity at -20 °C due to a synergistic effect.
“Compared to the two binary electrolytes of 1 M LiPF 6 in EC:DMC (30:70) and 1 M LiPF 6 in EC:DEC (30:70), the ternary electrolyte of 1 M LiPF 6 in EC:DMC:DEC (1:1:1) showed the highest ionic conductivity at -20 °C due to synergistic effect as shown in Fig. 4a.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Smart, M. C., Ratnakumar, B. V., & Surampudi, S.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Smart, M. C.
- Venue
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society
- Publisher
- The Electrochemical Society
- Published
- 1999-02-01
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 486-492
- ISSN
- 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7111
- OpenAlex
- W2118468250
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 11.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Keywords
- lithium-ion battery electrolytes, ternary solvent mixtures, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, electrolyte conductivity, solid electrolyte interphase, surface film resistance, lithium intercalation kinetics, carbon anodes
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