The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Key to High Performance Low Pt Loaded Electrodes
Open accessAbstract
The effect of ionomer distribution on the oxygen mass transport resistance, the proton resistivity of the cathode catalyst layer, and the H 2 /air fuel cell performance was investigated for catalysts with surface modified carbon supports. By introducing nitrogen containing surface groups, it was shown that the ionomer distribution in the cathodic electrode can be optimized to decrease mass transport related voltage losses at high current density. The in house prepared catalysts were fully characterized by TEM, TGA, elemental analysis, and XPS. Thin-film rotating disk electrode measurements showed that the carbon support modification did not affect the oxygen reduction activity of the catalysts, but exclusively affects the ionomer distribution in the electrode during electrode preparation. Limiting current measurements were used to determine the pressure independent oxygen transport resistance – primarily attributed to oxygen transport in the ionomer film – which decreases for catalysts with surface modified carbon support. Systematically lowering the ionomer to carbon ratio (I/C) from 0.65 to 0.25 revealed a maximum performance at I/C = 0.4, where an optimum between ionomer thickness and proton conductivity within the catalyst layer is obtained. From this work, it can be concluded that not only ionomer film thickness, but more importantly ionomer distribution is the key to high performance low Pt loaded electrodes.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One approach for achieving a homogenous distribution is by modifying the carbon support with N functional groups [186].”
From Recent Advances on PEM Fuel Cells: From Key Materials to Membrane Electrode Assembly (2023) · cites this paper as [186]
Citations
Cites
Gasteiger, H. A., Kocha, S. S., Sompalli, B., & Wagner, F. T. (2005) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.06.021 · Cited by 4,876
Self-citationRecommendations for the characterization of porous solids (Technical Report)
Rouquerol, J., Avnir, D., Fairbridge, C. W., Everett, D. H., Haynes, J. M., Pernicone, N., Ramsay, J. D. F., Sing, K. S. W., & Unger, K. K. (1994) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac199466081739 · Cited by 3,984
Handbook of fuel cells: fundamentals, technology, and applications
(2003) · Focus on Catalysts · doi:10.1016/s1351-4180(03)00850-x · Cited by 3,332
New insights into the electrochemical hydrogen oxidation and evolution reaction mechanism
Durst, J., Siebel, A., Simon, C., Hasché, F., Herranz, J. S., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2014) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee00440j · Cited by 1,705
Self-citationKongkanand, A., & Mathias, M. F. (2016) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00216 · Cited by 1,202
Mayrhofer, K. J. J., Strmcnik, D. S., Blizanac, B. B., Stamenković, V. R., Arenz, M., & Marković, N. M. (2007) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.11.057 · Cited by 980
Kundu, S., Wang, Y., Xia, W., & Muhler, M. (2008) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp804413a · Cited by 952
XPS of nitrogen-containing functional groups on activated carbon
Jansen, R. J. J., & van Bekkum, H. (1995) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/0008-6223(95)00030-h · Cited by 886
Quenched solid density functional theory and pore size analysis of micro-mesoporous carbons
Neimark, A. V., Lin, Y., Ravikovitch, P. I., & Thommes, M. (2009) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.01.050 · Cited by 869
Handbook of fuel cells. Fundamentals technology and applications
Patrick, J. W. (2003) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2003.09.012 · Cited by 747
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Gu W. Baker D. R. Liu Y. Gasteiger H. A. , in Handbook of Fuel Cells: Advances in Electrocatalysis, Materials, Diagnostics and Durability (editors: Vielstich W. Gasteiger H. A. Yokokawa H. ), John Wiley & Sons, UK Chichester, 631 (2009).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–276 of 276
Li, J., Li, Z., Li, S., Xu, C., Li, A., Tong, L., & Liang, H. (2024) · Science China Materials · doi:10.1007/s40843-024-2871-1 · Cited by 8
Mohanta, P. K., Ripa, M. S., Regnet, F., & Jörissen, L. (2020) · ChemistryOpen · doi:10.1002/open.202000089 · Cited by 11
Effects of liquid water on transport in the catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Min, T., & Zhou, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2023.1330124 · Cited by 7
Investigation of the Electrochemical Acetone Reduction Reaction in a PEM-Setup
Marth, A., Freiberg, A. T. S., Maier, M., Wasserscheid, P., & Thiele, S. (2024) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ad8d7c · Cited by 7
Sharma, P., Cheng, L., Aaron, D. S., Mehrazi, S., Braaten, J. P., Craig, N., Johnston, C., & Mench, M. M. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202306433 · Cited by 7
Investigating Electrode‐Ionomer Interface Phenomena for Electrochemical Energy Applications
Jo, S. Y., Kim, H.-J., Park, H., Ahn, C., & Chung, D. Y. (2023) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.202301016 · Cited by 10
Zhang, Y., Yuan, W., Hou, C., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., & Zhang, X. (2024) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07231 · Cited by 8
Highly efficient cathodes with low platinum loading for PEMFCs via the use of a modified substrate
Martinaiou, I., Paloukis, F., & Daletou, M. K. (2024) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144853 · Cited by 7
Li, D., Niu, K., Yang, R., Zhang, Y., Shi, W., Cai, W., Zhang, J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c02498 · Cited by 7
A Review on the Oxygen Transport for High Performance PEMFCs at Low Pt Loadings
Zhang, Q., Zhang, R., Xie, Z., Song, X., Zheng, T., Feng, Y., Hu, X., Wang, J., & Ding, W. (2025) · ChemCatChem · doi:10.1002/cctc.202401942 · Cited by 6
Mesoporous carbon materials: Synthesis and applications in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Wang, Z., Li, Y., & Li, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Energy · doi:10.1007/s11708-025-1005-5 · Cited by 7
Li, S., Pei, S., Sun, E., Liu, Z., Zhang, J., Li, J., Chen, H., Liang, H., Xiang, Z., Wang, M., et al. (2025) · Carbon Energy · doi:10.1002/cey2.70080 · Cited by 7
Feng, Q., Wang, X., Klingenhof, M., Heggen, M., & Strasser, P. (2022) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202203728 · Cited by 7
Xian, L., Li, Z., Liu, G., Wang, Z., Li, C., Chen, L., & Tao, W.-Q. (2025) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.110115 · Cited by 5
Yang, D., Kakati, N., Sarker, M., Mojica, F., & Chuang, P. A. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17092093 · Cited by 6
Zhou, J. J., Wang, Y., & Wei, Z. (2025) · ChemCatChem · doi:10.1002/cctc.202401962 · Cited by 5
Mitigating Crack Formation When Using High Oxygen Permeability Ionomer in PEMFC Catalyst Layers
Liu, J., & Litster, S. (2025) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/adb5c8 · Cited by 5
Electrocatalysts: selectivity and utilization
Dyantyi, N., Gómez, J. C. C., Mekuto, L., Bujło, P., & Pattrick, G. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823708-3.00012-2 · Cited by 6
Insights on designing non-PGM catalyst layers at low humidity
Kim, Y., Urbina, L. P., Asset, T., Secanell, M., Atanassov, P. B., Barralet, J. E., & Gostick, J. T. (2023) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232741 · Cited by 5
Brega, A., & Brimaud, S. (2024) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145365 · Cited by 5
Nefedkin, S. I., Гутерман, В. Е., Alekseenko, A. A., Belenov, S. V., Ivanenko, A. V., Klimova, M. A., Pavlov, V. I., Панов, С. В., Paperzh, K. O., & Шубенков, С. В. (2020) · Nanotechnologies in Russia · doi:10.1134/s199507802003009x · Cited by 5
Shrivastava, U. N., Khattar, D., Kendrick, C., & Karan, K. (2020) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/abb8f8 · Cited by 5
Matsutori, K., Olu, P., Matsuoka, M., Nakazawa, T., & Kinumoto, T. (2021) · Electrochemical Science Advances · doi:10.1002/elsa.202100014 · Cited by 5
Zlatar, M., Simon, C., Przybysz, J. M., Rodríguez, M. G., Katsman, J., Ayoub, M., Khalakhan, I., & Cherevko, S. (2025) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ae1168 · Cited by 5
Yoo, D., Park, S., Oh, S., Lee, J. Y., Jung, S., & Park, K.-P. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238833 · Cited by 4
Schneider, P. M., Kolíbalová, E., Rodríguez‐Pereira, J., Sarpey, T. K., Schott, C. M., Gubanova, E. L., Chennam, P. K., Senyshyn, A., Benning, C., Elsner, M., et al. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c22270 · Cited by 4
Current status and prospects of fuel cell electric vehicle industrialization in China
Luo, S., Zhang, K., Li, G., Li, X., Wang, Q., 邢丹敏, & Yi, B. (2026) · Carbon Neutrality · doi:10.1007/s43979-026-00171-0 · Cited by 4
Su, Y., Yuan, S., Li, J., Feng, Y., Shen, S., Yan, X., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116163 · Cited by 6
Chen, K., Qian, L., Duan, H., Zhang, R., Li, J., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2025.121745 · Cited by 4
Massaro, M. C., Carrabba, G. M., Sartoretti, E., Ostroverkh, A., Artusio, F., Pisano, R., Kramm, U. I., & Videla, A. H. M. (2026) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239323 · Cited by 4
Liu, Y., Li, X., Yang, X., Cai, X., Du, A., & Lin, R. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c25006 · Cited by 3
Zhan, C., Wang, C. S., Huang, Z., Cheng, Y., Huang, X., Yang, Y., Huang, W., Pao, C., Huang, Y., Han, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6c06307 · Cited by 3
Ohma, A., Arihara, K., Mashio, T., Ito, Y., Nishino, Y., & Miyazawa, A. (2024) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijoes.2024.100539 · Cited by 4
Zhu, C., Zhou, F., & Pan, M. (2025) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00830 · Cited by 2
Mesoporous bowl-like carbon support for boosting oxygen transport of fuel cell cathode
Lu, M., Liang, J., Zeng, B., Li, W., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Li, Y., Chen, H., Li, J., Chen, Y., et al. (2025) · CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (CHINESE VERSION) · doi:10.1016/s1872-2067(24)60285-8 · Cited by 2
Effect of Cathode Catalyst Layer Thickness on PEMFCs Performance: Carbon Support Matters
Sun, Z.-A., Zuo, L., Shao, R., Li, J.-J., Tang, L.-L., Tong, L., & Liang, H. (2025) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ae26d3 · Cited by 7
You, J., Li, H., Xu, H., Cheng, X., Luo, L., Yan, X., Shen, S., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.165907 · Cited by 2
Low-Ionomer Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Enabled by Direct Acid Grafting of Pt/C Catalysts
Horst, R. J., & Forner‐Cuenca, A. (2026) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ae4ff9 · Cited by 3
Bayan, Y. A., Paperzh, K. O., Pankov, I. V., Pavlets, A. S., Moguchikh, E. A., & Alekseenko, A. A. (2023) · Nanobiotechnology Reports · doi:10.1134/s2635167624600093 · Cited by 2
Cobalt-Content-Dependent Performance Trade-Off in PtxCo Alloy Catalysts for Fuel Cells
Li, S., Tong, L., Sun, Z.-A., Ma, C., Zhang, L., Song, T., & Liang, H. (2025) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ada647 · Cited by 3
Recent achievements on the modification of microenvironment for fuel cell catalysis
Yu, S., Wang, Y., & Wei, Z. (2025) · Science China Materials · doi:10.1007/s40843-025-3541-8 · Cited by 2
Feng, Q., Wang, X., Klingenhof, M., Heggen, M., & Strasser, P. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1067403/v1 · Cited by 2
Luo, Y., Feng, J., Wang, L., Jiang, Y., Li, L., & Feng, J. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4006217 · Cited by 2
Chen, M., Zhou, Y., Rao, P., Tian, X., Li, R., Li, J., & Miao, Z. (2025) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111899 · Cited by 1
Chen, K., Zhang, R., Xu, S., Li, J., & Zhang, L. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2026.124141 · Cited by 1
Reshetenko, T. V., & Ben, B. L. (2026) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.149440 · Cited by 1
Zhou, S., Yu, J., Zhou, C., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Gao, J., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Zhou, C., Gong, Z., et al. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.5877382 · Cited by 1
Zhou, S., Yu, J., Zhou, C., Wang, Y., Liu, X. L., Gao, J., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Zhou, C., Gong, Z., et al. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.5877382 · Cited by 1
Fu, L., Feng, S., Tang, L., Zhao, K., Yu, Z., Sun, Q., Liang, H., Chang, X., & Xu, B. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6c11994 · Cited by 1
Polymer Electrolyte (PE) Fuel Cell Systems
Elter, J. F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7789-5_149 · Cited by 1
Experimental Probing of the Effect of Nafion Poisoning at Different Pt Loadings in a PemfcPreprint
Zhou, F., Zhang, H., Guan, S., Li, G., Xia, L., & Pan, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4125487 · Cited by 1
Oxygen mass transport parameters in ionomer films under controlled relative humidity
Novitski, D. (2017) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
Kim, S., Sohn, Y.-J., Woo, S., Park, S., Jung, N., & Yim, S. (2021) · New & Renewable Energy · doi:10.7849/ksnre.2021.0007
Sghayer, A., Diyaf, A. G., Mazuz, K. A., & Issa, N. (2020) · Solar Energy and Sustainable Development · doi:10.51646/jsesd.v9i1.15
Luo, Y., Feng, J., Wang, L., Jiang, Y., Li, L., & Feng, J. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4006218
Nanometric Fe-Substituted ZrO2_Madkikar et al.Preprint
Madkikar, P., Menga, D., Harzer, G. S., Mittermeier, T., Siebel, A., Wagner, F. E., Merz, M., Schuppler, S., Nagel, P., Muñoz-García, A. B., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1149/osf.io/9kf85
Self-citationPolymer Electrolyte (PE) Fuel Cell Systems
Elter, J. F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_149-3
Low platinum-based electrocatalysts for fuel cells: status and prospects
Liu, H., & Li, X. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99485-9.00017-4
Low Pt Loading Cathodes for Pemfcs Through the Use of A Nitrogen Functionalized SubstratePreprint
Martinaiou, I., Paloukis, F., & Daletou, M. K. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4627645
Functionalized Carbon Nanostructures for PEMFCs
Selim, A., Ayyubov, I., Tálas, E., Borbáth, I., & Tompos, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14955-9_76-1
Materials Degradation in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices—An Overview
Saji, V. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57012-4_2
Functionalized Carbon Nanostructures for PEMFCs
Selim, A., Ayyubov, I., Tálas, E., Borbáth, I., & Tompos, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14955-9_76-2
Dame, B., Gizaw, A., Buta, J. G., & Mengstie, H. B. (2024) · South African Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.sajce.2024.09.007
Functionalized Carbon Nanostructures for PEMFCs
Selim, A., Ayyubov, I., Tálas, E., Borbáth, I., & Tompos, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32150-4_76
Kinumoto, T. (2024) · Carbon Reports · doi:10.7209/carbon.030401
Chen, F., Chen, S., & Wei, Z. (2025) · Scientia Sinica Chimica · doi:10.1360/ssc-2025-0014
Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Fang, P., Zhao, W., Hou, Y., Li, F., Chai, M., & Li, Y. (2026) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2026.01.047
Beskopylny, E. R., Bayan, Y. A., Alekseenko, A. A., Мауэр, Д. К., Меньщиков, В. С., Pankov, I. V., Gerasimov, E. Y., & Беленов, С. В. (2025) · Nanobiotechnology Reports · doi:10.1134/s2635167625601007
Merkel, S., Bredella, S., Roth, C., Bernt, M., & Jurzinsky, T. (2026) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148891
Zhang, S., Xiang, Q., Yin, Q., Wang, C., Li, X., Bi, K., Jiang, K., Liu, D., Xiao, S., Li, J., et al. (2026) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2026.127243
Shao, P., Ma, M., Shen, L., Hu, H., Ye, W., Zhao, Z., Chen, A., Zhang, Y. J., Zhao, L., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.71353
Min, J., Woo, S., Park, S., Bae, B., Yim, S., & Kang, Y. S. (2026) · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2026.07.205
Electrostatically Limited PFSA Ionomer Adsorption to Catalyst Particles in Catalyst Inks
Rajupet, S., Jacquin, N., Berlinger, S. A., Degirmenci, M., Babbe, F., Stovall, T. N., Kushner, D. I., Radke, C. J., & Weber, A. Z. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c09696 · Cited by 1
Zhu, C., Li, D., Wu, T., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano16201297
Engineering Carbon Support Packing Density to Enhance Mass Transport in Fuel Cell Cathodes
Ma, C., Tong, L., Li, T., Tang, L., Li, J.-J., Song, T., Xu, C., Xue, K., Li, S., Zhang, L., et al. (2026) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.76289
Casadei, D., Baricci, A., Yu, H., Bliznakov, S., Bonville, L. J., Picciotti, G., Croci, D., Marić, R., & Casalegno, A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7669948
Metadata
- Authors
- Orfanidi, A., Madkikar, P., El-Sayed, H. A., Harzer, G. S., Kratky, T., & Gasteiger, H. A.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society
- Publisher
- The Electrochemical Society
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- F418-F426
- ISSN
- 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7111
- OpenAlex
- W2592493147
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Greenerity GmbH and German Federal Ministry of Economy (03ET2058C)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Fuel Cells and Related Materials
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
- Keywords
- low platinum catalysts, oxygen reduction reaction, ionomer distribution, cathode catalyst layer, proton conductivity, nitrogen-doped carbon support, ionomer-to-carbon ratio, hydrogen-air fuel cells, voltage loss
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
