The Key to High Performance Low Pt Loaded Electrodes

Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs

Gasteiger, H. A., Kocha, S. S., Sompalli, B., & Wagner, F. T. (2005) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.06.021 · Cited by 4,876

Recommendations for the characterization of porous solids (Technical Report)

Rouquerol, J., Avnir, D., Fairbridge, C. W., Everett, D. H., Haynes, J. M., Pernicone, N., Ramsay, J. D. F., Sing, K. S. W., & Unger, K. K. (1994) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac199466081739 · Cited by 3,984

Handbook of fuel cells: fundamentals, technology, and applications

(2003) · Focus on Catalysts · doi:10.1016/s1351-4180(03)00850-x · Cited by 3,332

New insights into the electrochemical hydrogen oxidation and evolution reaction mechanism

Durst, J., Siebel, A., Simon, C., Hasché, F., Herranz, J. S., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2014) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee00440j · Cited by 1,705

The Priority and Challenge of High-Power Performance of Low-Platinum Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Kongkanand, A., & Mathias, M. F. (2016) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00216 · Cited by 1,202

Measurement of oxygen reduction activities via the rotating disc electrode method: From Pt model surfaces to carbon-supported high surface area catalysts

Mayrhofer, K. J. J., Strmcnik, D. S., Blizanac, B. B., Stamenković, V. R., Arenz, M., & Marković, N. M. (2007) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.11.057 · Cited by 980

Thermal Stability and Reducibility of Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Surfaces: A Quantitative High-Resolution XPS and TPD/TPR Study

Kundu, S., Wang, Y., Xia, W., & Muhler, M. (2008) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp804413a · Cited by 952

XPS of nitrogen-containing functional groups on activated carbon

Jansen, R. J. J., & van Bekkum, H. (1995) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/0008-6223(95)00030-h · Cited by 886

Quenched solid density functional theory and pore size analysis of micro-mesoporous carbons

Neimark, A. V., Lin, Y., Ravikovitch, P. I., & Thommes, M. (2009) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.01.050 · Cited by 869

Handbook of fuel cells. Fundamentals technology and applications

Patrick, J. W. (2003) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2003.09.012 · Cited by 747

The surface analytical characterization of carbon fibers functionalized by H2SO4/HNO3 treatment

Zhang, G., Sun, S., Yang, D., Dodelet, J., & Sacher, E. (2007) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.11.002 · Cited by 580

Review—Electromobility: Batteries or Fuel Cells?

Gröger, O., Gasteiger, H. A., & Suchsland, J. (2015) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0211514jes · Cited by 544

Analysis of Oxygen-Transport Diffusion Resistance in Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells

Nonoyama, N., Okazaki, S., Weber, A. Z., Ikogi, Y., & Yoshida, T. (2011) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.3546038 · Cited by 530

Measurement of Oxygen Transport Resistance in PEM Fuel Cells by Limiting Current Methods

Baker, D. R., Caulk, D. A., Neyerlin, K. C., & Murphy, M. W. (2009) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.3152226 · Cited by 515

Determination of Catalyst Unique Parameters for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in a PEMFC

Neyerlin, K. C., Gu, W., Jorné, J., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2006) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.2266294 · Cited by 441

Impact of Platinum Loading and Catalyst Layer Structure on PEMFC Performance

Owejan, J. P., Owejan, J. E., & Gu, W. (2013) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.072308jes · Cited by 433

The Impact of Platinum Loading on Oxygen Transport Resistance

Greszler, T. A., Caulk, D. A., & Sinha, P. K. (2012) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.061212jes · Cited by 433

Quenched solid density functional theory method for characterization of mesoporous carbons by nitrogen adsorption

Gor, G. Y., Thommes, M., Cychosz, K. A., & Neimark, A. V. (2011) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.037 · Cited by 432

Three-dimensional analysis of Nafion layers in fuel cell electrodes

Lopez-Haro, M., Guétaz, L., Printemps, T., Morin, A., Escribano, S., Jouneau, P.-H., Bayle-Guillemaud, P., Chandezon, F., & Gebel, G. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6229 · Cited by 402

Effects of carbon supports on Pt distribution, ionomer coverage and cathode performance for polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Park, Y.-C., Tokiwa, H., Kakinuma, K., Watanabe, M., & Uchida, M. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.091 · Cited by 389

The formation of nitrogen-containing functional groups on carbon nanotube surfaces: a quantitative XPS and TPD study

Kundu, S., Xia, W., Busser, W., Becker, M. J., Schmidt, D. A., Havenith, M., & Muhler, M. (2010) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/b923651a · Cited by 372

Unexplained transport resistances for low-loaded fuel-cell catalyst layers

Weber, A. Z., & Kusoglu, A. (2014) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c4ta02952f · Cited by 334

Transient analysis of polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Wang, Y., & Wang, C.-Y. (2005) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2004.08.022 · Cited by 310

Proton Conduction and Oxygen Reduction Kinetics in PEM Fuel Cell Cathodes: Effects of Ionomer-to-Carbon Ratio and Relative Humidity

Liu, Y., Murphy, M. W., Baker, D. R., Gu, W., Ji, C., Jorné, J., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2009) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.3143965 · Cited by 290

Amination and ammoxidation of activated carbons

Jansen, R. J. J., & van Bekkum, H. (1994) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/0008-6223(94)90146-5 · Cited by 275

Cathode Catalyst Utilization for the ORR in a PEMFC

Neyerlin, K. C., Gu, W., Jorné, J., Clark, A., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2007) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.2400626 · Cited by 252

Influence of the composition of isopropyl alcohol/water mixture solvents in catalyst ink solutions on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance

Ngo, T. T., Yu, T. L., & Lin, H.-L. (2013) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.055 · Cited by 231

Spontaneous Functionalization of Carbon Black by Reaction with 4-Nitrophenyldiazonium Cations

Toupin, M., & Bélanger, D. (2008) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la702556n · Cited by 214

Analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst layers for reduction of platinum loading at Nissan

Ohma, A., Mashio, T., Sato, K., Iden, H., Ono, Y., Sakai, K., Akizuki, K., Takaichi, S., & Shinohara, K. (2011) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.058 · Cited by 209

Suppression of oxygen reduction reaction activity on Pt-based electrocatalysts from ionomer incorporation

Shinozaki, K., Morimoto, Y., Pivovar, B. S., & Kocha, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.062 · Cited by 194

Pt-Oxide Coverage-Dependent Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Kinetics

Subramanian, N. P., Greszler, T. A., Zhang, J., Gu, W., & Makharia, R. R. (2012) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.088205jes · Cited by 183

Effects of Catalyst Carbon Support on Proton Conduction and Cathode Performance in PEM Fuel Cells

Liu, Y., Ji, C., Gu, W., Jorné, J., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2011) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.3562945 · Cited by 132

Voltage Cycling Induced Losses in Electrochemically Active Surface Area and in H2/Air-Performance of PEM Fuel Cells

Zihrul, P., Hartung, I., Kirsch, S., Hübner, G., Hasché, F., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2016) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0561606jes · Cited by 118

The Analysis of Performance Loss with Low Platinum Loaded Cathode Catalyst Layers

Ono, Y., Mashio, T., Takaichi, S., Ohma, A., Kanesaka, H., & Shinohara, K. (2010) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/1.3496614 · Cited by 104

Experimental Method to Determine the Mass Transport Resistance of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell

Beuscher, U. (2006) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.2218760 · Cited by 98

Analysis of Oxygen Dissolution Rate from Gas Phase into Nafion Surface and Development of an Agglomerate Model

Kudo, K., Suzuki, T., & Morimoto, Y. (2010) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/1.3484642 · Cited by 96

Proton Conduction in PEM Fuel Cell Cathodes: Effects of Electrode Thickness and Ionomer Equivalent Weight

Liu, Y., Ji, C., Gu, W., Baker, D. R., Jorné, J., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2010) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.3435323 · Cited by 86

Dispersion of Rod-like Particles of Nafion in Salt-Free Water/1-Propanol and Water/Ethanol Solutions

Yamaguchi, M., Matsunaga, T., Amemiya, K., Ohira, A., Hasegawa, N., Shinohara, K., Ando, M., & Yoshida, T. (2014) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp506814m · Cited by 81

An Experimental Study of the Effects of Operational History on Activity Changes in a PEMFC

Jomori, S., Komatsubara, K., Nonoyama, N., Kato, M., & Yoshida, T. (2013) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.103309jes · Cited by 81

Preparation and characterization of Pt on modified multi-wall carbon nanotubes to be used as electrocatalysts for high temperature fuel cell applications

Orfanidi, A., Daletou, M. K., & Neophytides, S. G. (2011) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.05.043 · Cited by 69

Determination of Electrode Sheet Resistance in Cathode Catalyst Layer by AC Impedance

Liu, Y., Murphy, M., Baker, D. R., Gu, W., Ji, C., Jorné, J., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2007) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/1.2780961 · Cited by 61

(Plenary) Electrochemical Diagnostics and Modeling in Developing the PEMFC Cathode

Kongkanand, A., Yarlagadda, V., Garrick, T. R., Moylan, T. E., & Gu, W. (2016) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/07514.0025ecst · Cited by 47

Quantitative Analysis of Conductivity and Viscosity of Ionic Liquids in Terms of Their Relaxation Times

Yamaguchi, T., Nakahara, E., & Koda, S. (2014) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp502631q · Cited by 44

Influence of the Gas Diffusion Layer Compression on the Oxygen Mass Transport in PEM Fuel Cells

Simon, C., Hasché, F., Müller, D. C., & Gasteiger, H. A. (2015) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/06917.1293ecst · Cited by 40

Studies on interactions between Nafion and organic vapours by quartz crystal microbalance

Sun, L. (2001) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(00)00585-8 · Cited by 35

Aminated Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomers to Improve the Triple Phase Boundary Region in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Miyazaki, K., Sugimura, N., Kawakita, K.-I., Abe, T., Nishio, K., Nakanishi, H., Matsuoka, M., & Ogumi, Z. (2010) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.3483105 · Cited by 20

(Plenary) Doing More with Less: Challenges for Catalyst Layer Design

Putz, A. M. V., Susac, D., Berejnov, V., Wu, J., Hitchcock, A. P., & Stumper, J. (2016) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/07514.0003ecst · Cited by 8

Novel Catalyst-Layer Structures with Rationally Designed Catalyst/Ionomer Interfaces and Pore Structures Aided By Catalyst Functionalization

Xin, L., Kang, Y., Yang, F., Uzunoğlu, A., Rockward, T., Ferreira, P. J., Borup, R. L., Ilavský, J., Stanciu, L., & Xie, J. (2016) · ECS Meeting Abstracts · doi:10.1149/ma2016-02/38/2584 · Cited by 3

Ionomer distribution control in porous carbon-supported catalyst layers for high-power and low Pt-loaded proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Ott, S., Orfanidi, A., Schmies, H., Anke, B., Nong, H. N., Hübner, J., Gernert, U., Gliech, M., Lerch, M., & Strasser, P. (2020) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-019-0487-0 · Cited by 727

Bridging the gap between highly active oxygen reduction reaction catalysts and effective catalyst layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Fan, J., Chen, M., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Z., Ye, S., Xu, S., Wang, H., & Li, H. (2021) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00824-7 · Cited by 635

Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies

Yang, Y., Peltier, C. R., Zeng, R., Schimmenti, R., Li, Q., Huang, X. M., Yan, Z. W., Potsi, G., Selhorst, R. C., Lu, X., et al. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331 · Cited by 557

Capabilities and limitations of rotating disk electrodes versus membrane electrode assemblies in the investigation of electrocatalysts

Lazaridis, T., Stühmeier, B. M., Gasteiger, H. A., & El-Sayed, H. A. (2022) · Nature Catalysis · doi:10.1038/s41929-022-00776-5 · Cited by 396

Advancements in cathode catalyst and cathode layer design for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Sun, Y., Polani, S., Luo, F., Ott, S., Strasser, P., & Dionigi, F. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25911-x · Cited by 369

Ionomer distribution control in porous carbon-supported catalyst layers for high-power and low Pt-loaded proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Ott, S., Orfanidi, A., Schmies, H., Anke, B., Nong, H. N., Hübner, J., Gernert, U., Gliech, M., Lerch, M., & Strasser, P. (2020) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-019-0487-0 · Cited by 727

Toward Ionomers for Low Pt Performance

Novitski, D., & Holdcroft, S. (2018) · ECS Meeting Abstracts · doi:10.1149/ma2018-01/27/1583

Effect of ionomer content on fuel cell performance and mass transport under different Pt loadings: Experimental and molecular simulation study

Xian, L., Wang, Z., Chen, B., Li, Z., Liu, G., Chen, L., & Tao, W.-Q. (2026) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2026.125522 · Cited by 3

Modeling the Effect of Low Pt loading Cathode Catalyst Layer in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Part I. Model Formulation and Validation

Sánchez-Ramos, A., Gostick, J. T., & García‐Salaberri, P. A. (2021) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac4456 · Cited by 41

Dictating Pt-Based Electrocatalyst Performance in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, from Formulation to Application

Van Cleve, T., Khandavalli, S., Chowdhury, A., Medina, S., Pylypenko, S., Wang, M., More, K. L., Kariuki, N., Myers, D. J., Weber, A. Z., et al. (2019) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.9b17614 · Cited by 148