Gonadal hormone effects on entrained and free-running circadian activity rhythms in the developing diurnal rodent Octodon degus
Abstract
The slowly maturing, long-lived rodent Octodon degus (degu) provides a unique opportunity to examine the development of the circadian system during adolescence. These studies characterize entrained and free-running activity rhythms in gonadally intact and prepubertally gonadectomized male and female degus across the first year of life to clarify the impact of sex and gonadal hormones on the circadian system during adolescence. Gonadally intact degus exhibited a delay in the phase angle of activity onset (Psi(on)) during puberty, which reversed as animals became reproductively competent. Gonadectomy before puberty prevented this phase delay. However, the effect of gonadal hormones during puberty on Psi(on) does not result from changes in the period of the underlying circadian pacemaker. A sex difference in Psi(on) and free-running period (tau) emerged several months after puberty; these developmental changes are not likely to be related, since the sex difference in Psi(on) emerged before the sex difference in tau. Changes in the levels of circulating hormones cannot explain the emergence of these sex differences, since there is a rather lengthy delay between the age at which degus reach sexual maturity and the age at which Psi(on) and tau become sexually dimorphic. However, postnatal exposure to gonadal hormones is required for sexual differentiation of Psi(on) and tau, since these sex differences were absent in prepubertally gonadectomized degus. These data suggest that gonadal hormones modulate the circadian system during adolescent development and provide a new model for postpubertal sexual differentiation of a central nervous system structure.
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In degus, it is unlikely that the hormonal effects on chronotype are purely activational, but may instead represent a permanent, organizational change to the sensitive pubertal brain.
“Thus, in this species it is unlikely that the hormonal effects on chronotype are purely activational, but may instead represent a permanent, organizational change to the sensitive pubertal brain (e.g., [75]).”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
The development of this sex difference in free-running period was dependent on the organizational effects of gonadal hormones, and in particular estrogen.
“The development of this sex difference was dependent on the organizational effects of gonadal hormones [75], and, in particular, estrogen [74].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
Gonadectomized animals either completely lacked a shift in chronotype during the normal pubertal period (degus) or showed a much diminished shift (rats).
“We found that gonadectomized animals either completely lacked a shift in chronotype during the normal pubertal period (degus: [67, 75]) or showed a much diminished shift in chronotype (rats: [66]).”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
Both rodent species showed a large (2-4) hr shift in the phasing of their rest/activity rhythms during pubertal development.
“This meant that, overall, both rodent species showed a large (2-4) hr shift in the phasing of their rest/activity rhythms during pubertal development, similar to human adolescents (Figure 2C-D, [66-67, 75, 114, 185]).”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
The pubertal shift in rest/activity rhythms in rodents is similar to that in human adolescents.
“This meant that, overall, both rodent species showed a large (2-4) hr shift in the phasing of their rest/activity rhythms during pubertal development, similar to human adolescents (Figure 2C-D, [66-67, 75, 114, 185]).”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
The newer reviewed data did not provide evidence that circadian phase was more advanced in the pre-pubertal animals than the pubertal animals.
“The newer reviewed data did not provide evidence that circadian phase was more advanced in the pre-pubertal animals than the pubertal animals, unlike previous studies in the degu and rat that briefly examined one or two pubertal time points [9, 75, 185].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
Circadian phase is more delayed during puberty than adulthood in rats and degus, as it is in humans and macaques.
“However, the observation was clearly replicated that circadian phase is more delayed during puberty than adulthood [75, 114] as it is in humans and macaques [60, 160].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
In degus, modulation of the circadian system in adolescence may be related to puberty, because the progressive delay in the onset of activity following lights on that normally occurs during adolescence does not occur in animals gonadectomized prior to puberty.
“Studies in degus, a diurnal rodent, show that modulation of the circadian system in adolescence may be related to puberty, because the progressive delay in the onset of activity following lights on that normally occurs during adolescence does not occur in animals gonadectomized prior to puberty (Hummer et al., 2007).”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Hummer et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Hummer, D. L., Jechura, T. J., Mahoney, M. M., & Lee, T. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 292
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- R586-R597
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W2013920612
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32 HD 07048, T32HD007048)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- Octodon degus, gonadal hormones, circadian rhythm, puberty, adolescent development, gonadectomy, free-running period, sex differences, circadian pacemaker, sexual differentiation, diurnal rodents
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Weight, Circadian Rhythm, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Growth, Male, Motor Activity, Orchiectomy, Organ Size, Ovariectomy, Sex Differentiation, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Sexual Maturation, Spermatogenesis, Octodon
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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