Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker
Abstract
Regulation of circadian period in humans was thought to differ from that of other species, with the period of the activity rhythm reported to range from 13 to 65 hours (median 25.2 hours) and the period of the body temperature rhythm reported to average 25 hours in adulthood, and to shorten with age. However, those observations were based on studies of humans exposed to light levels sufficient to confound circadian period estimation. Precise estimation of the periods of the endogenous circadian rhythms of melatonin, core body temperature, and cortisol in healthy young and older individuals living in carefully controlled lighting conditions has now revealed that the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker averages 24.18 hours in both age groups, with a tight distribution consistent with other species. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of disrupted sleep in older people.
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Healthy adults show interindividual differences in the free-running circadian period (tau), which shows robust stability within individuals.
“Healthy adults show interindividual differences in the free-running circadian period (tau),94–98 which shows robust stability within individuals.97”
From Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance (2013) · cites this paper as [94]
Circadian variation in physiological functions can be experimentally observed in constant routine or forced desynchrony laboratory protocols, which are the two gold standard methods for assessing circadian rhythmicity in humans.
“Circadian variation in these physiological functions can be experimentally observed in either “constant routine” or “forced desynchrony” laboratory protocols, which are the two gold standard methods for assessing circadian rhythmicity in humans.”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
In humans, food timing in constant routine protocols does not appear to affect central circadian rhythms.
“In humans, food timing in these protocols does not appear to affect central circadian rhythms ( 18), but the effects on peripheral oscillators, for instance in adipose tissue or the liver, are unknown.”
From Role of the circadian system in cardiovascular disease (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
Circulating cortisol and core body temperature increase during the last part of the night to prepare the metabolic and circulatory systems for abrupt increases in energy expenditure and activity soon after awakening.
“For example, circulating cortisol and core body temperature increase during the last part of the night to prepare the metabolic and circulatory systems for abrupt increases in energy expenditure and activity soon after awakening (18).”
From Role of the circadian system in cardiovascular disease (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Czeisler, C. A., Duffy, J. F., Shanahan, T. L., Brown, E. N., Mitchell, J. F., Rimmer, D. W., Ronda, J. M., Silva, E. J., Allan, J. S., Emens, J. S., Dijk, D.-J., & Kronauer, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Czeisler, Charles A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1999-06-25
- Volume
- 284
- Issue
- 5423
- Pages
- 2177-2181
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2104605616
- Cited by
- 1,705
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 17.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG009975, P01 AG-09975)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01-GM53559, R01GM053559)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR002635, MO1 RR 02635)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- circadian period, melatonin rhythm, cortisol rhythm, aging, endogenous rhythms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Biological Clocks, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Darkness, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Light, Male, Melatonin, Middle Aged, Sleep
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