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Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly
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In the citing paper
“Pandolf et al 6 -72 ± 463 468 0.29 -51 ± 88 102 0.79”
From Metabolic Costs of Military Load Carriage over Complex Terrain (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“However, it should be noted that comparable samples were used in many of the original load carriage studies 22 including the datasets used to validate the Minetti et al 13 (n = 10), Pandolf et al 6 (n = 6), and Santee et al 8 (n = 16) equations.”
From Metabolic Costs of Military Load Carriage over Complex Terrain (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Although a number of existing travel rate functions exist, they fail to sufficiently account for the vast diversity of landscape conditions that impede foot travel3–11.”
From A singular, broadly-applicable model for estimating on- and off-path walking travel rates using airborne lidar data (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“However, given their relative low slope, ground surface stability, and lack of vegetation impedance, roads and trails tend to promote maximally efficient travel, where available [8,10,16,17].”
From Escape Route Index: A Spatially-Explicit Measure of Wildland Firefighter Egress Capacity (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Finally, the validity of existing explanations for the substantial differences in walking economy observed across different surface gradients (3,8,49,54,56) is largely unknown.”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“56) equations corresponded to 15.8 and 13.4%, respectively, of the overall mean measured for the validation group subjects across all of the trials completed (2.13/13.5 ϭ 15.8 and 1.81/13.5 ϭ 13.4%).”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“The two predictive equations with greatest conditional breadth, those of Pandolf et al. (56) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (3), are the most widely used.”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al. [56]
In the citing paper
“The Pandolf et al. (56) equations tended to underpredict level and declined values while also overpredicting the values obtained on positive grades.”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“The overall predictive error for ACSM was larger, as was the zero error baseline vs. the equation of Pandolf et al. (56).”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al. [56]
In the citing paper
“For both the ACSM and Pandolf et al. (56) equations, the standard errors of estimate were nearly twice as large and exhibited bias predominantly across grade.”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al. [56]
In the citing paper
“The greater conditional breadth of the Pandolf et al. (56) model equation resulted in slightly better overall performance (Figs. 4, E and F, 5, E and F, and 6, E and F) vs. the ACSM model equation.”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al. [56]
In the citing paper
“The inability of skeletal muscle to convert lost gravitational potential energy into accumulated chemical energy reveals the physiologically unsound foundation of this prevailing approach (3,8,17,25,56,78).”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“The absolute accuracy of the ACSM equation also declined marginally vs. the prediction of the unloaded values in part I, whereas that of the Pandolf et al. (56) equation improved marginally by 0.1 ml O 2 •kg Ϫ1 •min Ϫ1 .”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al. [56]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, both the ACSM (3); and Pandolf et al. (56) model equations are amalgams of a series of smaller studies and data sets (for ACSM, see Refs 17 and 55; for Pandolf et al, see Refs. 25”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“Более сложные формулы учитывают комплекс факторов, таких как масса тела человека и переносимого им груза, коэффициент фактора местности и скорость пере-движения, позволяя прогнозировать метаболические затраты на передвижение [Pandolf, Givoni, Goldman, 1977].”
From GIS optimal path modeling for analyzing paleolithic settlement systems: methodological issues (2026) · cites this paper as Pandolf, Givoni, Goldman, 1977
In the citing paper
“Overall energy expenditure is also determined by other variables such as carried load, movement speed, and grade or ground slope [3–5], each with readily identifiable effects.”
From Human walking in the real world: interactions between terrain type, gait parameters, and energy expenditure (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“However, other algorithms (Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman 1977; Van Leusen 2000) have been constructed to calculate cost through energy expenditure, which we suggest are a better fit for testing the movement of construction timbers.”
From A least cost analysis: correlative modeling of the chaco regional road system (2019) · cites this paper as Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman 1977
In the citing paper
“The above case studies demonstrate that measuring costs through the Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman’s (1977) function and calculating movement along a roadway corridor offer the best method to model correlative pathways across the unmodified Chaco landscape.”
From A least cost analysis: correlative modeling of the chaco regional road system (2019) · cites this paper as Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman 1977
In the citing paper
“have been constructed to calculate cost through energy expenditure, which we suggest are a better fit for testing the movement of construction timbers.”
From A least cost analysis: correlative modeling of the chaco regional road system (2019) · cites this paper as Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman 1977
In the citing paper
“However, other algorithms (Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman 1977; Van Leusen 2000) have been constructed to calculate cost through energy expenditure, which we suggest are a better fit for testing the movement of construction timbers.”
From A least cost analysis: correlative modeling of the chaco regional road system (2019) · cites this paper as Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman 1977
In the citing paper
“Givoni and Goldman (1971) and Pandolf et al. (1977) developed prediction equations for the metabolic cost of load-carrying while walking on different terrains and slopes.”
From Preferred walking speed on rough terrain: is it all about energetics? (2019) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al. (1977)
In the citing paper
“Both of those studies utilized a terrain factor η that represents the effect of the surface type on metabolic rate.”
From Preferred walking speed on rough terrain: is it all about energetics? (2019) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al., 1977
In the citing paper
“This procedure produced terrain factors of 1.9 and 3.1 for Givoni and Goldman (1971) and Pandolf et al. (1977), respectively.”
From Preferred walking speed on rough terrain: is it all about energetics? (2019) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al., 1977
In the citing paper
“Note that although the Pandolf et al. (1977) equation is used more commonly, the prediction equation of Givoni and Goldman (1971) had the best match to our rough terrain data (lowest RMSE).”
From Preferred walking speed on rough terrain: is it all about energetics? (2019) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al., 1977
In the citing paper
“The most established is the equation by Pandolf et al. (5) which was originally formulated from several relatively small treadmill and overground walking datasets (6–8) to include speed, load, and positive-only gradient capabilities.”
From Real-world walking economy: can laboratory equations predict field energy expenditure? (2021) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al. [5]
In the citing paper
“Forecasts of the energy cost of this formula were able to be verified by several test phases on individuals from different classes of age and sex (Epstein et al. 1987;Pandolf et al. 1976Pandolf et al. , 1977) ) by varying the speed and the load carried.”
From Mobility of paleolithic populations: biomechanical considerations and spatiotemporal modelling (2021) · cites this paper as Pandolf et al. 1977
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Prediction of the metabolic cost of walking with and without loads
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Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pandolf, K. B., Givoni, B., & Goldman, R. F.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1977-10-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 577-581
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2238368310
- Semantic Scholar
- 4e18133fff165f8b4909d53e77fd5d7883cd581d
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- energy expenditure estimation, slow walking, physical workload
- MeSH terms
- Body Weight, Energy Metabolism, Physical Exertion, Humans, Locomotion, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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