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Cited by 18Archaeological Research and ProtectionHistorical and Architectural StudiesArchaeology and Cultural Heritage

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 140 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

A Least Cost Analysis: Correlative Modeling of the Chaco Regional Road System

Open access
Field, Sean, Heitman, Carrie, Richards-Rissetto, Heather·2019·Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology
DOI 10.5334/jcaa.36
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Abstract

During the ninth through twelfth centuries A.D., Ancestral Pueblo people constructed long, straight roads that interconnected the Chaco regional system across the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico. The intent and use of these features has eluded archaeological consensus, although recent research has reiterated the occurrence of long distance timber importation to Chaco Canyon. To enhance our interpretation of these features we offer a large-scale least cost analysis wherein optimal pathways that are modeled to simulate timber importation are compared to the actual road locations. A series of least cost paths were produced through different energy allocation algorithms, at different spatial scales, and with various origin and destination inputs. Our results reveal a strong correlation between actual road locations and modeled pathways. Therefore, we suggest that certain Chaco roads may have been specifically designed to facilitate the importation of timbers and that roads, once constructed, were the optimal pathway for the import of these resources.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper applies least cost analysis (LCA) at a regional scale to test whether Chaco roads in the San Juan Basin were energetically efficient routes for importing construction timber to Chaco Canyon. Modeled pathways using an energy-expenditure algorithm correlate strongly with the actual locations of the North Road and Mexican Springs Road, suggesting these roads had economic utility for timber transport.

Key findings

  • Paths produced with the "Pandolf B" function (average body dimensions: 163.56 cm, 59 kg, carrying 22.19 kg) best replicated actual Chaco road locations, outperforming the "Pandolf A" function simulating larger individuals (175.26 cm, 68 kg).
  • Site-to-site "corridor" models along the North Road (seven pathways from Salmon Pueblo southward) and Mexican Springs Road (three pathways from Figueredo eastward) correlated strongly with real road locations, and had much higher correlation factors than region-wide models.
  • When roads were modeled as conduits reducing travel cost by 10 percent, correlations between modeled and actual pathways were "dramatic" even when travel distance was maximized.
  • The authors estimate that at a minimum twelve thousand timbers were imported from high elevation ranges, applying the ~5 percent spruce/fir proportion in the Chaco Canyon Great House Tree-Ring Database to ~240,000 total beams.

Methods

  • Two modeling strategies: (1) pathways generated without reference to known roads, to assess construction *intent*; (2) pathways generated with roads treated as cost-reducing conduits, to assess *utility*.
  • Road data digitized and georeferenced in ArcGIS 10.4 from Phase I and II Chaco Roads Project analog maps; elevation from 7.5-minute, 10 m DEM GeoTIFFs, with 76 quads mosaiced into a ~12,770.43 sq. km surface.
  • Cost measured via Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman's (1977) metabolic expenditure function rather than Tobler's time-based hiking function; inputs included 22.19 kg load (based on ~5 m, ~266 kg beams carried by 12 individuals), velocity of 0.69443 m/s (2.5 km/hr), terrain factor 1.2, and eight-direction movement with no slopes declassified.
  • Regional test computed least cost paths from Chaco Canyon to 44 sites; correlation factors calculated as the percent of real-world roads overlapping a buffered least cost path.

Limitations

  • Stated: the timing of timber importation relative to road construction is imprecise, so the authors cannot be certain whether roads were built before or during timber importation; correlations alone cannot establish why roads were constructed; the low percentage of sourced timbers and incomplete documentation of Chaco roads limit the analysis; and the mathematics do not precisely represent a group collectively carrying a single object rather than individuals carrying packed weight.
  • Evident from the text: the regional test modeled movement from Chaco Canyon outward, which the authors acknowledge is the opposite direction of beam movement and that anisotropic movement can significantly affect modeled paths; roadway locations used may not be wholly precise due to historically partial and segmented surveys; and the 10 percent conduit reduction was a conservative choice relative to the 30 percent used in comparable studies.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5334/jcaa.36

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 140 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    Every possible procurement zone except for those to the east has a regional road that connects the source location to Chaco Canyon.

    “Interestingly, every possible procurement zone (except for those to the east) has a regional road that connects the source location to Chaco Canyon.”
    • Also stated in: § 1.3. Timber Importation to Chaco Canyon · plain
      “Interestingly, every possible procurement zone (except for those to the east) has a regional road that connects the source location to Chaco Canyon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Cost paths produced from site-to-site along the North Road and Mexican Springs Road have much higher correlation factors than those produced on a regional scale.

    “Further, cost paths produced from site-to-site along the North Road and Mexican Springs Road have much higher correlation factors than those produced on a regional scale (Figure 10).”
    • Also stated in: § 3.2. Roadway Corridors · plain
      “Further, cost paths produced from site-to-site along the North Road and Mexican Springs Road have much higher correlation factors than those produced on a regional scale (Figure 10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant paths.
  • Findingown data
    § 4. Discussion

    Even when the roads are not considered as a conduit, there is a strong correlation between modeled paths and real world road locations.

    “Additionally, we demonstrate that even when the roads are not considered as a conduit, there is a strong correlation between modeled paths and real world road locations.”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · boosted
      “Additionally, we demonstrate that even when the roads are not considered as a conduit, there is a strong correlation between modeled paths and real world road locations.”
    • Also stated in: § References · boosted
      “even when the roads are not considered as a conduit, there is a strong correlation between modeled paths and real world road locations”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: People will pursue movement in the most efficient manner possible.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Beams were carried, rather than rolled.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant paths.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: 12 individuals carried each beam.
  • Findingown data
    § 4. Discussion

    Once constructed, the North Road and Mexican Springs Road were the most energetically efficient paths for transporting timbers from the periphery toward Chaco Canyon.

    “Foremost, our results show that once constructed the North Road and Mexican Springs Road were the most energetically efficient paths for transporting timbers from the periphery toward Chaco Canyon.”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
      “Foremost, our results show that once constructed the North Road and Mexican Springs Road were the most energetically efficient paths for transporting timbers from the periphery toward Chaco Canyon.”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “our results show that once constructed the North Road and Mexican Springs Road were the most energetically efficient paths for transporting timbers from the periphery toward Chaco Canyon”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “once constructed, they were the optimal pathways”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: People will pursue movement in the most efficient manner possible.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Beams were carried, rather than rolled.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant paths.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: 12 individuals carried each beam.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Roads act as conduits that ease travel along them due to their prepared surfaces.
  • Findingown data

    Least cost paths calculated from site to site along the North Road corridor from Salmon Pueblo moving south resulted in seven pathways that correlate strongly with actual road locations.

    “Least cost paths were calculated from site to site along the corridor from Salmon Pueblo moving south, resulting in seven pathways that correlate strongly with actual road locations (Figure 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 32
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 54

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Visual correlations between modeled pathways and actual roadway locations are statistically supported when correlation factors are calculated, demonstrating that pathways produced with Pandolf B are most analogous to real-world roadways.

    “The visual correlations between modeled pathways and actual roadway locations are statistically supported when the correlation factors are calculated (Figure 7), demonstrating that pathways produced with the use of the Pandolf B hiking function are the most analogous to the real-world roadways.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Although Pandolf B function best predicts real-world road locations, calculating least cost paths from a single start location to a series of broad destinations remains relatively inaccurate.

    “Although the Pandolf B function best predicts real-world road locations, calculating least cost paths from a single start location to a series of broad destinations remains relatively inaccurate.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § References

    Our own estimates approximate that at a minimum twelve thousand timbers were imported from high elevation ranges.

    “approximate that at a minimum twelve thousand timbers were imported from high elevation ranges”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    No previously estimated body mass calculations were found in the literature.

    “No previously estimated body mass calculations were found in the literature, so body mass inputs was calculated from previously estimated stature measurements published by Reed (1962).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The visual correlations between modeled pathways and actual roadway locations are statistically supported when the correlation factors are calculated, demonstrating that pathways produced with the use of the Pandolf B hiking function are the most analogous to the real-world roadways.

    “The visual correlations between modeled pathways and actual roadway locations are statistically supported when the correlation factors are calculated (Figure 7), demonstrating that pathways produced with the use of the Pandolf B hiking function are the most analogous to the real-world roadways.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant paths.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    None of the road data for roads outside of Chaco Canyon used in this study intersect with stair or ramp locations.

    “To the authors knowledge, none of the road data for roads outside of Chaco Canyon used in this study intersect with stair or ramp locations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation
    § References

    Assuming 12 individuals carried each beam, each individual was carrying approximately 22.19 kg.

    “Assuming 12 individuals carried each beam, as supported by previous calculations regarding team size, porter spacing, and beam metrics”
    • Also stated in: § References · hedged
      “each individual was carrying approximately 22.19 kg”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Betancourt, Dean & Hull 1986 source
    • cites Judd 1925
    • cites Lekson 1984

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • The authors state this as an assumption: Construction beams were carried by people rather than rolled.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Twelve individuals carried each timber beam.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 5. Conclusion

    Using roads for efficient transportation of goods is certainly not the only impetus for the construction of Chaco road.

    “Although these results are enticing, we reiterate that using roads for efficient transportation of goods is certainly not the only impetus for the construction of Chaco road.”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · boosted
      “Although these results are enticing, we reiterate that using roads for efficient transportation of goods is certainly not the only impetus for the construction of Chaco road.”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “using roads for efficient transportation of goods is certainly not the only impetus for the construction of Chaco road”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Kantner (1997a) found that Chaco roads did not correlate with optimal paths and argued that roads were instead oriented towards prominent geographical features.

    “In his analysis, Kantner (1997a) found that Chaco roads did not correlate with optimal paths and argued that roads were instead oriented towards prominent geographical features.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kantner 1997a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dates for sites along Mexican Springs Road are uncertain but tend to cluster around the late tenth to early twelfth century, correlating well with timber procurement dates argued by Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean (2016).

    “Dates for these sites are uncertain (CRA 2016; Grimstead et al. 2015) but tend to cluster around the late tenth to early twelfth century, correlating well with the timber procurement dates argued by Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean (2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites CRA 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Grimstead et al. 2015 source
    • cites Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Estimations for construction of the North Road and dates of road-affiliated sites suggest that both existed in the landscape at the time timbers were being imported from the San Juan and La Plata mountains.

    “Estimations for the construction for the road (Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983) and dates of road-affiliated sites (CRA 2016; Heitman et al. 2016) suggest that both existed in the landscape at the time timbers were being imported from the San Juan and La Plata mountains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites CRA 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Heitman et al. 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationown data
    § 5. Conclusion

    The results of this study provide more insight into how Ancestral Pueblo people planned, engineered, and physically connected places across the greater Chaco landscape.

    “The results of this study provide more insight into how Ancestral Pueblo people planned, engineered, and physically connected places across the greater Chaco landscape.”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · plain
      “The results of this study provide more insight into how Ancestral Pueblo people planned, engineered, and physically connected places across the greater Chaco landscape.”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “The results of this study provide more insight into how Ancestral Pueblo people planned, engineered, and physically connected places across the greater Chaco landscape”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: People will pursue movement in the most efficient manner possible.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Temper materials were specifically gathered from the most efficiently accessible locations.

    “In some cases even, temper materials were specifically gathered from the most efficiently accessible locations (Arakawa et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arakawa et al. 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given
    § 4. Discussion

    People transporting individually packed weight is far simpler to represent mathematically than a group of people collectively sharing the load of a single object.

    “People transporting individually packed weight is far simpler to represent mathematically than a group of people collectively sharing the load of a single object.”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
      “People transporting individually packed weight is far simpler to represent mathematically than a group of people collectively sharing the load of a single object.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Traditional archaeological inquiry into Chaco road use is hindered by a lack of associated cultural material along roadway surfaces, incomplete survey of the entire road network, and ambiguous ethnohistoric references.

    “Furthermore, investigations through traditional archaeological inquiry are hindered by (1) a lack of associated cultural material along roadway surfaces (Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983), (2) incomplete survey of the entire road network, and (3) ambiguous ethnohistoric references that refer to linear features as both roads and canals (Judd 1925).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Judd 1925

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Some GIS based analyses have indicated that Chaco roads would not have functioned as economic pathways.

    “Further, some GIS based analyses have indicated that Chaco roads would not have functioned as economic pathways (Kantner 1997a, 1997b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kantner 1997a, 1997b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Certain high elevation species like spruce were key components of great house construction projects and did not grow close to Chaco Canyon at that time.

    “In particular, certain high elevation species like spruce were key components of great house construction projects and did not grow close to Chaco Canyon at that time (Wills, Drake & Dorshow 2014: 11587)”
    • Also stated in: § 1.3. Timber Importation to Chaco Canyon · plain
      “In particular, certain high elevation species like spruce were key components of great house construction projects and did not grow close to Chaco Canyon at that time (Wills, Drake & Dorshow 2014: 11587)”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “certain high elevation species like spruce were key components of great house construction projects and did not grow close to Chaco Canyon at that time”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wills, Drake & Dorshow 2014: 11587 source
    • cites Wills, Drake & Dorshow 2014 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data
    § 5. Conclusion

    The North Road and Mexican Springs Road may have been specifically designed to facilitate the import of resources, and once constructed, they were the optimal pathways.

    “Our analysis indicates that the North Road and Mexican Springs Road may have been specifically designed to facilitate the import of resources, and that once constructed, they were the optimal pathways.”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · hedged
      “Our analysis indicates that the North Road and Mexican Springs Road may have been specifically designed to facilitate the import of resources, and that once constructed, they were the optimal pathways.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Beams were carried, rather than rolled.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: 12 individuals carried each beam.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    People do not think in terms of precise caloric expenditure, but they do think in terms of exertion and when transporting large cumbersome objects it seems plausible that they would be economizing their movement to preserve energy.

    “While people do not think in terms of precise caloric expenditure, they do think in terms of exertion and when transporting large cumbersome objects it seems plausible that they would be economizing their movement to preserve energy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Betancourt, Dean & Hull (1986) calculated average beam size at ~5 m in length, and ~266 kg in weight.

    “Betancourt, Dean & Hull (1986) calculated average beam size at ~5 m in length, and ~266 kg in weight.”
    • Also stated in: § 2.3. Inputs · plain
      “Betancourt, Dean & Hull (1986) calculated average beam size at ~5 m in length, and ~266 kg in weight.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Betancourt, Dean & Hull 1986 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    One-third of all timber elements used in the eleventh century A.D. were imported.

    “and that one-third of all timber elements used in the eleventh century A.D. were imported (Wills, Drake & Dorshow 2014).”
    • Also stated in: § 1.3. Timber Importation to Chaco Canyon · plain
      “and that one-third of all timber elements used in the eleventh century A.D. were imported (Wills, Drake & Dorshow 2014).”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “one-third of all timber elements used in the eleventh century A.D. were imported”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wills, Drake & Dorshow 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Other algorithms constructed to calculate cost through energy expenditure are a better fit for testing the movement of construction timbers.

    “However, other algorithms (Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman 1977; Van Leusen 2000) have been constructed to calculate cost through energy expenditure, which we suggest are a better fit for testing the movement of construction timbers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman 1977 source
    • cites Van Leusen 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 5. Conclusion

    Economic motivations do not negate simultaneous political, social, or ceremonial functions.

    “Economic motivations do not negate simultaneous political, social, or ceremonial functions.”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “Economic motivations do not negate simultaneous political, social, or ceremonial functions”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Other products like ceramics, or resources like timber, were circulated regionally.

    “while other products like ceramics, or resources like timber, were circulated regionally (e.g., English et al. 2001; Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean 2016; King 2003; Mills, Carpenter & Grimm1997; Shepard 1939; Shepard in Judd 1954: 236–238).”
    • Also stated in: § 1.2. Chaco Roads · plain
      “while other products like ceramics, or resources like timber, were circulated regionally (e.g., English et al. 2001; Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean 2016; King 2003; Mills, Carpenter & Grimm1997; Shepard 1939; Shepard in Judd 1954: 236–238).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites English et al. 2001 source
    • cites Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites King 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Recent research has reiterated the occurrence of long distance timber importation to Chaco Canyon.

    “The intent and use of these features has eluded archaeological consensus, although recent research has reiterated the occurrence of long distance timber importation to Chaco Canyon.”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “The intent and use of these features has eluded archaeological consensus, although recent research has reiterated the occurrence of long distance timber importation to Chaco Canyon.”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “although recent research has reiterated the occurrence of long distance timber importation to Chaco Canyon”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Betancourt, Dean & Hull 1986 source
    • cites English et al. 2001 source
    • cites Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Exotic goods like macaws were imported over vast distances.

    “For instance, exotic goods like macaws were imported over vast distances (Plog & Heitman 2010, Watson et al. 2015)”
    • Also stated in: § 1.2. Chaco Roads · plain
      “For instance, exotic goods like macaws were imported over vast distances (Plog & Heitman 2010, Watson et al. 2015)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Plog & Heitman 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Watson et al. 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § 4. Discussion

    While periods of timber importation from the Chuska and La Plata ranges coincide with estimated construction dates on the North and Mexican Springs Road, we cannot be certain if these roads were built in the years before or during timber importation.

    “For instance, while periods of timber importation from the Chuska and La Plata ranges coincide with estimated construction dates on the North and Mexican Springs Road, we cannot be certain if these roads were built in the years before or during timber importation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Betancourt et al. (1986) argue that post A.D. 1100 the North Road may have connected the Chaco core with timber resources in the San Juan or La Plata mountains.

    “Betancourt et al. (1986) argue that post A.D. 1100 the North Road may have connected the Chaco core with timber resources in the San Juan or La Plata mountains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Betancourt et al. 1986 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Early economic models that Chaco roads were used to move agricultural products have been dismissed due to a general lack of evidence for agricultural redistribution across the region and standing debate regarding agricultural productivity in Chaco Canyon itself.

    “These ideas have been dismissed due to a general lack of evidence for agricultural redistribution across the region (Mills 2002; Nials, Stein & Roney 1987; Powers, Gillespie & Lekson 1983) and standing debate regarding the capability or need for agricultural productivity in Chaco Canyon itself (Benson 2011; Geib & Heitman 2015; Vivian & Watson 2015; Wills & Dorshow 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Mills 2002 source
    • cites Nials, Stein & Roney 1987

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Powers, Gillespie & Lekson 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Much recent work has suggested the need to take a more holistic approach to interpretive models of Chaco roads.

    “Much recent work has in fact suggested the need to take a more holistic approach to our interpretive models”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fowles 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Heitman 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § References

    In some cases Chaco great houses are physically connected by roads, allowing for a direct inference on intentional relationships between these sites.

    “in some cases Chaco great houses are physically connected by roads allowing for a direct inference on intentional relationships between these sites”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § References

    Economic models for the use of Chaco roads should be revisited, specifically in terms of the importation of timbers to Chaco Canyon.

    “Given these lines of evidence, we contend that economic models should be revisited, specifically in terms of the importation of timbers to Chaco Canyon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.

    Premisecitation

    Load weight should remain at 30% of a person's body mass.

    “While this estimate is well below the approximate timber carrying load given by Chaco researchers, it is above other study estimates regarding load-capacity and energy expenditure (Griffin, Roberts & Kram 2003), which contend that load weight should remain at 30% of a person’s body mass.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Griffin, Roberts & Kram 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Post A.D. 1100 the North Road may have connected the Chaco core with timber resources in the San Juan or La Plata mountains.

    “Betancourt et al. (1986) argue that post A.D. 1100 the North Road may have connected the Chaco core with timber resources in the San Juan or La Plata mountains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Betancourt et al. 1986 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In some cases, temper materials were specifically gathered from the most efficiently accessible locations.

    “In some cases even, temper materials were specifically gathered from the most efficiently accessible locations (Arakawa et al. 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arakawa et al. 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § References

    People think in terms of exertion rather than precise caloric expenditure, so when transporting large cumbersome objects it is plausible that they economized their movement to preserve energy.

    “While people do not think in terms of precise caloric expenditure, they do think in terms of exertion and when transporting large cumbersome objects it seems plausible that they would be economizing their movement to preserve energy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 4. Discussion

    We cannot be certain if the North and Mexican Springs roads were built in the years before or during timber importation.

    “For instance, while periods of timber importation from the Chuska and La Plata ranges coincide with estimated construction dates on the North and Mexican Springs Road, we cannot be certain if these roads were built in the years before or during timber importation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning
    § References

    Studying the use(s) of Chaco roads has proven especially challenging because they are materially and spatially heterogeneous.

    “studying the use(s) of Chaco roads has proven especially challenging because they are materially and spatially heterogeneous”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dates for the sites along the Mexican Springs Road cluster around the late tenth to early twelfth century, correlating well with the timber procurement dates argued by Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean (2016).

    “Dates for these sites are uncertain (CRA 2016; Grimstead et al. 2015) but tend to cluster around the late tenth to early twelfth century, correlating well with the timber procurement dates argued by Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean (2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites CRA 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Grimstead et al. 2015 source
    • cites Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Least cost analysis has become a predominant approach for quantifying, predicting, and modeling pathways of human movement in the past.

    “in particular, least cost analysis (LCA) has become a predominant approach for quantifying, predicting, and modeling pathways of human movement in the past”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hare 2004 source
    • cites Llobera 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Richards-Rissetto 2010

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Certain Chaco roads employ stairs or ramps to navigate areas like canyon walls.

    “However, certain Chaco roads employ stairs or ramps to navigate areas like canyon walls (Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § References

    Most likely Chaco roads facilitated many usages and were not constructed for a singular function.

    “Most likely Chaco roads facilitated many usages and were not constructed for a singular function”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Sufficient information on the Chaco road network is now available to apply LCA on a larger geographic scale.

    “sufficient information on the Chaco road network is now available to apply LCA on a larger geographic scale”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Field 2017
    • cites Friedman et al. 2017 source
    • cites Till 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    People think in terms of exertion and when transporting large cumbersome objects it seems plausible that they would be economizing their movement to preserve energy.

    “While people do not think in terms of precise caloric expenditure, they do think in terms of exertion and when transporting large cumbersome objects it seems plausible that they would be economizing their movement to preserve energy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given
    § References

    The intent and use of Chaco roads has eluded archaeological consensus and remained elusive.

    “The intent and use of these features has eluded archaeological consensus”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “While long recognized in the archaeological record, the intent and use of these roads has remained elusive.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    The procurement locations of the timbers used at Chaco Canyon remain uncertain, because recent isotopic research points to mountain ranges in every cardinal direction from Chaco Canyon as possible source locations.

    “The procurement locations of these timbers remains uncertain, as recent isotopic research points to mountain ranges in every cardinal direction from Chaco Canyon as possible source locations”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Wills, Drake & Dorshow 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Some GIS-based analyses have indicated that Chaco roads would not have functioned as economic pathways.

    “Further, some GIS based analyses have indicated that Chaco roads would not have functioned as economic pathways”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kantner 1997a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kantner 1997b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § References

    Chaco roads were diverse and uniquely constructed features that acted differently within the Chaco landscape.

    “they were diverse and uniquely constructed features that acted differently within the Chaco landscape”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Hypotheses that Chaco roads were used for military movement have been widely refuted, while most other proposed explanations have persisted as possible interpretations for the use of Chaco roads.

    “While hypotheses regarding military movement have been widely refuted, most of the above explanations have persisted as possible interpretations for the use of Chaco roads.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wilcox 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Snead 2011 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Both the North Road and road-affiliated sites existed in the landscape at the time timbers were being imported from the San Juan and La Plata mountains.

    “Estimations for the construction for the road (Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983) and dates of road-affiliated sites (CRA 2016; Heitman et al. 2016) suggest that both existed in the landscape at the time timbers were being imported from the San Juan and La Plata mountains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites CRA 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Heitman et al. 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Kantner (1997a) argued that roads were oriented towards prominent geographical features.

    “argued that roads were instead oriented towards prominent geographical features”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kantner 1997a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 5. Conclusion

    Our findings are not mutually exclusive to the conclusions presented by previous researchers.

    “Thus, our findings are not mutually exclusive to the conclusions presented by previous researchers (e.g., Kantner 1997a; Kantner and Vaughn 2012; Kunitz, Lagree & Weinig 2017; Sofaer, Marshall & Sinclair 1989; Van Dyke 2007).”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · plain
      “Thus, our findings are not mutually exclusive to the conclusions presented by previous researchers (e.g., Kantner 1997a; Kantner and Vaughn 2012; Kunitz, Lagree & Weinig 2017; Sofaer, Marshall & Sinclair 1989; Van Dyke 2007).”
    • Also stated in: § References · plain
      “our findings are not mutually exclusive to the conclusions presented by previous researchers”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites Kantner 1997a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kantner and Vaughn 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kunitz, Lagree & Weinig 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Van Dyke 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § References

    The specific roadway locations used in this study may not be wholly precise because of historically partial and segmented surveys, but they are representative of the correct orientation and connections unique to each road.

    “We recognize that specific roadway locations used for this study may not be wholly precise, due to historically impartial and segmented surveys, but they are representative of the correct orientation and connections unique to each road.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § References

    We cannot be certain if the North and Mexican Springs Road were built in the years before or during timber importation.

    “we cannot be certain if these roads were built in the years before or during timber importation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Anisotropic movement can have a significant impact on the way paths are modeled.

    “anisotropic movement can have a significant impact on the way paths are modeled”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Richards-Rissetto & Landau 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites White & Surface-Evans 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    In some cases temper materials were specifically gathered from the most efficiently accessible locations.

    “In some cases even, temper materials were specifically gathered from the most efficiently accessible locations”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 5. Conclusion

    Most likely Chaco roads facilitated many usages and were not constructed for a singular function; they were diverse and uniquely constructed features that acted differently within the Chaco landscape.

    “Most likely Chaco roads facilitated many usages and were not constructed for a singular function; they were diverse and uniquely constructed features that acted differently within the Chaco landscape.”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Conclusion · hedged
      “Most likely Chaco roads facilitated many usages and were not constructed for a singular function; they were diverse and uniquely constructed features that acted differently within the Chaco landscape.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Exotic goods such as macaws were imported into the Chaco world over vast distances.

    “For instance, exotic goods like macaws were imported over vast distances (”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Plog & Heitman 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Watson et al. 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given
    § References

    Researchers in Chaco have employed least cost analysis as a means of understanding the use, intent, and human movement patterns that are associated with roads.

    “Given these challenges researchers in Chaco have employed least cost analysis as a means of understanding the use, intent, and human movement patterns that are associated with roads.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Specific roadway locations used in this study may not be wholly precise due to historically impartial and segmented surveys, but they are representative of the correct orientation and connections unique to each road.

    “We recognize that specific roadway locations used for this study may not be wholly precise, due to historically impartial and segmented surveys, but they are representative of the correct orientation and connections unique to each road.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Other least cost analyses of Chaco roads have used time-based algorithms, thereby assuming that Ancestral Pueblo people were economizing movement to preserve time between locations.

    “have used time-based algorithms, thereby assuming that Ancestral Pueblo people were economizing movement to preserve time between locations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kantner 1997a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Least cost applications in archaeology generally use Tobler's hiking function, meaning that least cost paths are the routes that require the least amount of time to traverse.

    “meaning that least cost paths are the routes that require the least amount of time to traverse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tobler 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Early economic models proposing that Chaco roads moved agricultural products across the region have been dismissed because of a general lack of evidence for agricultural redistribution across the region.

    “These ideas have been dismissed due to a general lack of evidence for agricultural redistribution across the region (”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Mills 2002 source
    • cites Nials, Stein & Roney 1987

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Powers, Gillespie & Lekson 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Products such as ceramics and resources such as timber were circulated regionally in the Chaco world.

    “while other products like ceramics, or resources like timber, were circulated regionally”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites English et al. 2001 source
    • cites Guiterman, Swetnam & Dean 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites King 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § References

    To the authors' knowledge, none of the road data for roads outside of Chaco Canyon used in this study intersect with stair or ramp locations.

    “To the authors knowledge, none of the road data for roads outside of Chaco Canyon used in this study intersect with stair or ramp locations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Other study estimates regarding load-capacity and energy expenditure contend that load weight should remain at 30% of a person's body mass.

    “it is above other study estimates regarding load-capacity and energy expenditure”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Griffin, Roberts & Kram 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Similar studies reduced travel along conduits by 30 percent.

    “reduced travel along conduits by 30 percent”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Richards-Rissetto & Landau 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Estimations for the construction of the road and dates of road-affiliated sites suggest that both existed in the landscape at the time timbers were being imported from the San Juan and La Plata mountains.

    “suggest that both existed in the landscape at the time timbers were being imported from the San Juan and La Plata mountains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Kincaid, Stein & Levine 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites CRA 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Heitman et al. 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § References

    Betancourt, Dean & Hull calculated average beam size at approximately 5 m in length and approximately 266 kg in weight.

    “calculated average beam size at ~5 m in length, and ~266 kg in weight.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Betancourt, Dean & Hull 1986 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductcitation
    § References

    No slopes were declassified in the analysis, meaning that all slopes could be passable even though it would be energetically costly to do so.

    “However, no slopes were declassified meaning that all slopes could be passible, even though it would be energetically costly to do so.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
70 of 70

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    People will pursue movement in the most efficient manner possible.

    “These methods rely on Zipf’s (1949) principle of minimal effort, which assumes that people will pursue movement in the most efficient manner possible.”
    “These methods rely on Zipf’s (1949) principle of minimal effort, which assumes that people will pursue movement in the most efficient manner possible.”
    “people will pursue movement in the most efficient manner possible”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Beams were carried, rather than rolled.

    “By using this function, we assume that beams were carried, rather than rolled, as has been argued by some researchers (Weinig 2017).”
    “By using this function, we assume that beams were carried, rather than rolled, as has been argued by some researchers (Weinig 2017).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant paths.

    “Among all input variables required in Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman’s (1977) function, we assumed that physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant paths.”
    “Among all input variables required in Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman’s (1977) function, we assumed that physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant paths.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Twelve individuals carried each beam.

    “Assuming 12 individuals carried each beam, as supported by previous calculations regarding team size, porter spacing, and beam metrics (Betancourt, Dean & Hull 1986; Judd 1925; Lekson 1984; Snygg & Windes 1998), each individual was carrying approximately 22.19 kg.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    12 individuals carried each beam.

    “Assuming 12 individuals carried each beam, as supported by previous calculations regarding team size, porter spacing, and beam metrics (Betancourt, Dean & Hull 1986; Judd 1925; Lekson 1984; Snygg & Windes 1998), each individual was carrying approximately 22.19 kg.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Least cost pathways modeled to simulate timber importation are a valid proxy for the actual past movement of timbers, so that their correspondence with actual road locations indicates the roads' design purpose.

    “optimal pathways that are modeled to simulate timber importation are compared to the actual road locations”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Roads act as conduits that ease travel along them due to their prepared surfaces.

    “roads as conduits that ease travel along those roads due to their prepared surfaces”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Construction beams were carried by people rather than rolled.

    “By using this function, we assume that beams were carried, rather than rolled, as has been argued by some researchers”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Among the input variables of the Pandolf, Givoni & Goldman function, physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant least cost paths.

    “we assumed that physiological inputs would have the most impact on the resultant paths”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Twelve individuals carried each timber beam.

    “Assuming 12 individuals carried each beam, as supported by previous calculations regarding team size, porter spacing, and beam metrics”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Chaco roads are not uniformly characterized as packed dirt surface.

    “A variable of 1.1 may be input to demonstrate movement along a dirt road, but Chaco roads are not uniformly characterized as packed dirt surface.”
11 of 11

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 42

  1. 1983, The Architecture and Dendrochronology of Chetro Ketl, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 105
  2. 1980, Cultural Resources Remote Sensing, 169
  3. 1992, Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, 101
  4. 2013, An Archaeology of Doings: Secularism and the Study of Pueblo Religion
  5. 2015, Chaco Revisited New Research on the Prehistory of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 66
  6. 2016, A Mother for All the People, American Antiquity, 81, 471
  7. 2016, Greater Chaco Landscapes Great House Communities GIS Integration Dataset
  8. 2012, Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes: Archaeological Case Studies, 97
  9. 1954, The Material Culture of Pueblo Bonito
  10. 2012, Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes: Archaeological Case Studies, 225
  11. 1983, Chaco Roads Project, Phase 1: A Reappraisal of Prehispanic Roads in the San Juan Basin, 9.1
  12. King, VC. 2003. The Organization of Production of Chuska Gray Ware Ceramics in Distribution and Consumption in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico.
  13. 1984, Publications in Archeology 18B, Chaco Canyon Studies
  14. 1991, Chaco and Hohokam, 31
  15. 2000, Beyond the Map: Archaeology and Spatial Technologies, 65
  16. 1979, Anasazi Communities of the San Juan Basin, 355
  17. 1979, Anasazi Communities of the San Juan Basin
  18. 1977, Summary of Energy Study Results Conducted in Chaco Canyon National Monument
  19. 1973, Field report on prehispanic road survey by the Chaco Center Remote Sensing Program, 1973
  20. 1987, Chacoan Roads in the Southern Periphery: Results of Phase II of the BLM Chaco Roads Project
  21. 2012, Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes: Archaeological Case Studies, 67
  22. Obenauf, MS. 1980. The Chacoan roadway system. (Unpublished M.A. thesis). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology.
  23. 2012, Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes: Archaeological Case Studies, 46
  24. 1983, The Outlier Survey: A Regional View of Settlement in the San Juan Basin
  25. 1962, Human Skeletal Material from Site 59, Chaco Canyon National Monument, El Palacio, 69, 240
  26. 2012, Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes: Archaeological Case Studies, 194
  27. 1992, Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, 123
  28. 1939, Archaeological Studies in the La Plata District-Southwestern Colorado and Northwestern New Mexico, 249
  29. 1989, World Archaeoastronomy, 365
  30. 1993, Three Presentations on Geographical Analysis and Modeling
  31. 2004, In Search of Chaco Canyon: New Approaches to an Archaeological Enigma, 78
  32. 2007, The Chaco Experience: Landscape and Ideology at the Center Place
  33. 2012, Thinking Beyond the Tool: Archaeological Computing & the Interpretive Process, 123
  34. 1972, Final technical letter report for prehistoric water conservation in Chaco Canyon, NSF Grant No. GS-3100, July 1,1970 to Jun 30, 1971
  35. 1990, The Chacoan prehistory of the San Juan basin
  36. 1991, The Chacoan Prehistory of the San Juan Basin
  37. 2015, Chaco Revisited: New Research on the Prehistory of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 30
  38. 2012, Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes: Archaeological Case Studies
  39. 2003, A geographic information systems approach to understanding potential prehistoric and historic travel corridors, Southeastern Archaeology, 22, 77
  40. 1993, The Chimney Rock Archaeological Symposium, General Technical Report No. RM-227, 76
  41. 1980, Human adaptations in a marginal environment: The UII Mitigation Project, 483
  42. 1949, Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Field, S., Heitman, C., & Richards-Rissetto, H.
ORCID
Field, Sean
Venue
Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology
Publisher
Ubiquity Press, Ltd.
Published
2019
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
136-150
ISSN
2514-8362 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.5334/jcaa.36
OpenAlex
W2973315504
Cited by
18
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2
FWCI
5.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Historical and Architectural Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
Keywords
Ancestral Puebloans, cost-minimization analysis, Chaco Canyon, San Juan Basin, highway location, spatial scale, origin and destination

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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