Reliability and validity of body composition measures in female athletes
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability and validity of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and near-infrared interactance (NIR) for estimating body composition in female athletes. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used as the criterion measure for fat-free mass (FFM). Studies were performed in 132 athletes [age = 20.4 ± 1.5 (SD) yr]. Intraclass reliabilities (repeat and single trial) were 0.987–0.997 for BIA (resistance and reactance) and 0.957–0.980 for NIR (optical densities). Validity of BIA and NIR was assessed by double cross-validation. Because correlations were high ( r = 0.969–0.983) and prediction errors low, a single equation was developed by using all 132 subjects for both BIA and NIR. Also, an equation was developed for all subjects by using height and weight only. Results from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis showed FFM = 49.5 ± 6.0 kg, which corresponded to %body fat (%BF) of 20.4 ± 3.1%. BIA predicted FFM at 49.4 ± 5.9 kg ( r = 0.981, SEE = 1.1), and NIR prediction was 49.5 ± 5.8 kg ( r = 0.975, SEE = 1.2). Height and weight alone predicted FFM at 49.4 ± 5.7 kg ( r = 0.961, SEE = 1.6). When converted to %BF, prediction errors were ∼1.8% for BIA and NIR and 2.9% for height and weight. Results showed BIA and NIR to be extremely reliable and valid techniques for estimating body composition in college-age female athletes.
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Concerns with applicability were unclear in 12 studies.
“Concerns with applicability were high in 19 studies [37, 42–59] and unclear [41, 50, 60–69] in 12 studies due to the restricted sample size.”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
One study on athletes was conducted on USA collegiate female athletes from different sports.
“One study was conducted on USA collegiate female athletes from different sports [62], one on Greek elite female dancers [51], and two studies on elite male soccer players in Taiwan [88] and Italy [31].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
Considering foot-to-hand technology for athletes, eight equations are suitable for females only.
“Considering the foot to hand technology, 12 equations are suitable for male [31, 39, 48, 69, 84, 85, 87, 104] and eight for female people only [39, 51, 62, 69, 87, 104].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
Regarding foot-to-hand technology for athletes, four equations are for estimating FFM in females only.
“Regarding foot to hand technology, we found an equation for estimating FM in males [48], five equations for estimating FFM in males [31, 69, 84, 85, 104], and four in females only [51, 62, 69, 104].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Fornetti, W. C., Pivarnik, J. M., Foley, J. M., & Fiechtner, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Departments of Kinesiology and
- Michigan State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1999-09-01
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1114-1122
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W1961927277
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- body composition, bioelectrical impedance analysis, near-infrared interactance, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, female athletes, measurement reliability, method validity, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, college athletes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Body Composition, Data Collection, Female, Humans, Sports, Reproducibility of Results, Absorptiometry, Photon, Electric Impedance, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
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