The ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the renin-angiotensin system: focus on angiotensin-(1-7)
Open accessAbstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as its main receptor to infect lung epithelial and endothelial cells.
“SARS-CoV-2 spike protein uses ACE2 as its main receptor, suggesting that the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) could play a role in COVID-19 pathology.”
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New Enzymatic Route for the Inactivation of Angiotensin
Yang, H., Erdös, E. G., & Chiang, T. S. (1968) · Nature · doi:10.1038/2181224a0 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Nadarajah, R., Milagres, R., Dilauro, M., et al. (2012) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2012.83 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Angiotensin-(1–7) Protects From Experimental Acute Lung Injury
Klein, N., Gembardt, F., Supé, S., Kaestle, S. M., Nickles, H. T., Erfinanda, L., Lei, X., Yin, J., Wang, L., Mertens, M., et al. (2013) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31828a6688 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Angiotensin-(1-7) and Its Effects in the Kidney
Dilauro, M., & Burns, K. D. (2009) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/tsw.2009.70 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Angiotensin 1-7 has a biphasic effect on fluid absorption in the proximal straight tubule.
Garcia, N. H., & Garvin, J. L. (1994) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v541133 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Angiotensin-(1-7) Formation in the Intact Human Heart
Zisman, L. S., Meixell, G. E., Bristow, M. R., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000094733.61689.d4 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Haber, P. K., Ye, M., Wysocki, J. A., Maier, C., Haque, S. K., & BATLLE, D. C. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02856 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ji, H., Menini, S., Zheng, W., Pesce, C. M., Wu, X., & Sandberg, K. L. (2008) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.041392 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 abrogates bleomycin-induced lung injury
Rey-Parra, G., Vadivel, A., Coltan, L., Hall, A., Eaton, F., Schuster, M., Loibner, H., Penninger, J. M., Kassiri, Z., Oudit, G. Y., et al. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-012-0859-2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Morimoto, S., Cassell, M. D., & Sigmund, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m204309200 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Angiotensin-(1–7) in kidney disease: a review of the controversies
Zimmerman, D. L., & Burns, K. D. (2012) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20120111 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Evidence for an intrinsic angiotensin system in the canine pancreas
Chappell, M. C., Millsted, A., Diz, D. I., Brosnihan, K. B., & Ferrario, C. M. (1991) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199108000-00008 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Evidence for a Physiological Role of Angiotensin-(1-7) in the Control of Hydroelectrolyte Balance
Santos, R. A. S., Silva, A. C. S. E., Magaldi, A. J., et al. (1996) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.27.4.875 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationACE2 and ANG-(1-7) in the rat uterus during early and late gestation
Neves, L. A. A., Stovall, K., Joyner, J., Valdés, G., Gallagher, P. E., Ferrario, C. M., Merrill, D., & Brosnihan, K. B. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00514.2007 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Angiotensin‐(1–7) decreases LPS‐induced inflammatory response in macrophages
Souza, L. L., & Costa-Neto, C. M. (2011) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.22940 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Angiotensin II- and Angiotensin III-Induced Aldosterone Release in vivo in the Rat
Campbell, W. B., Brooks, S. N., & Pettinger, W. A. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.184.4140.994 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Pereira, R. M., Santos, R. A. S., Teixeira, M. M., Leite, V. H. R., Costa, L. P., Dias, F. L. D. C., Barcelos, L. S., Collares, G. B., & Silva, A. C. S. E. (2006) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2006.10.018 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationLoss of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 leads to impaired glucose homeostasis in mice
Niu, M.-J., Yang, J., Lin, S., Ji, X., & Guo, L. (2008) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-008-9110-x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Murine Recombinant Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
Ye, M., Wysocki, J. A., González‐Pacheco, F. R., Salem, M., Evora, K., Garcia-Halpin, L., Poglitsch, M., Schuster, M., & BATLLE, D. C. (2012) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.198622 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Faria-Silva, R., Duarte, F. V., & Santos, R. A. S. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000174594.17052.33 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationVillela, D. C., Passos-Silva, D. G., & Santos, R. A. S. (2014) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.mnh.0000441052.44406.92 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationAn orally active formulation of angiotensin-(1-7) produces an antithrombotic effect
Fraga-Silva, R. A., Costa-Fraga, F. P., Sousa, F. B. D., Alenina, N. V., Bäder, M., Sinisterra, R. D., & Santos, R. A. S. (2011) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322011000500021 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence that prolyl endopeptidase participates in the processing of brain angiotensin
Welches, W. R., Santos, R. A. S., Chappell, M. C., Brosnihan, K. B., Greene, L. J., & Ferrario, C. M. (1991) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199107000-00008 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, L. A., de Kloet, A. D., Pati, D., Hiller, H., Smith, J. A., Pioquinto, D. J., Ludin, J. A., Oh, S. P., Katovich, M. J., Frazier, C. J., et al. (2016) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.026 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
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Patel, V. B., Bodiga, S., Dong, F., Das, S. K., Wang, Z., Wang, W., Basu, R., Zhong, J., Kassiri, Z., & Oudit, G. Y. (2012) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.191650 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and Gene Expression
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Angiotensin 1–7 Induces Bradykinin-Mediated Relaxation in Porcine Coronary Artery
Gorelik, G. J., Carbini, L. A., & Scicli, A. G. (1998) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37600-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- [12]Alzamora A, Santos R, Campagnole-Santos M. Effect of Angiotensin-(1–7) and Angiotensin II microinjection into the caudal ventrolateral medulla on the baroreflex control of heart rate. J Hypertens 16: S181, 1998. [Google Scholar]
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The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection
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“[28,42] ACE2 receptors are also expressed in the adipose tissue [43,44] and a reduction of ACE2 has been noted in the adipose tissue of obese animals [44] In animal experiments, diets rich of fats decreased ACE2 activity and angiotensin1-7, and increased angiotensin II and blood pressure levels in male, but not in fem…”
Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19
Ni, W., Yang, X., Yang, D., Bao, J., Li, R., Xiao, Y., Hou, C., Wang, H., Liu, J., Yang, D., et al. (2020) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
COVID-19 cytokine storm: the anger of inflammation
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“The loss of the modulatory effect of angiotensin-(1–7) via its binding to the Mas receptor (MasR) that attenuates inflammatory response may be a further contributing factor to the hyper-inflammation status of severe cases of COVID-19.”
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Sex differences in the prevalence, outcomes and management of hypertension
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Crosstalk between the renin–angiotensin, complement and kallikrein–kinin systems in inflammation
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- Authors
- Santos, R. A. S., Sampaio, W. O., Alzamora, A. C., Motta-Santos, D., Alenina, N., Bader, M., & Campagnole-Santos, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (BR)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research),...
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2018-01-01
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 505-553
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- PMC
- PMC7203574
- OpenAlex
- W2780715796
- Cited by
- 1,144
- References
- 642
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 222 · 2020: 234 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 21
- FWCI
- 11.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) (573924/2008-2, 465612/2014-8, 400990/2012-1, 407352/2013-9)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Coagulation, Bradykinin, Polyphosphates, and Angioedema
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
- Keywords
- angiotensin-(1-7), renin-angiotensin system, ACE2, Mas receptor, angiotensin II, angiotensin I, angiotensin-converting enzyme, cardiovascular regulation, brain, heart, kidney
- MeSH terms
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Proto-Oncogene Mas, Angiotensin I, Animals, Brain, Humans, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Peptide Fragments, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Renin-Angiotensin System, Signal Transduction, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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