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Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
The increasing incidence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is disturbing. The activation of inflammatory pathways, used normally as host defence, reminds the seriousness of this condition. There is probably more than one cause for activation of inflammation. Apparently, metabolic overload evokes stress reactions, such as oxidative, inflammatory, organelle and cell hypertrophy, generating vicious cycles. Adipocyte hypertrophy, through physical reasons, facilitates cell rupture, what will evoke an inflammatory reaction. Inability of adipose tissue development to engulf incoming fat leads to deposition in other organs, mainly in the liver, with consequences on insulin resistance. The oxidative stress which accompanies feeding, particularly when there is excessive ingestion of fat and/or other macronutrients without concomitant ingestion of antioxidant-rich foods/beverages, may contribute to inflammation attributed to obesity. Moreover, data on the interaction of microbiota with food and obesity brought new hypothesis for the obesity/fat diet relationship with inflammation. Beyond these, other phenomena, for instance psychological and/or circadian rhythm disturbances, may likewise contribute to oxidative/inflammatory status. The difficulty in the management of obesity/metabolic syndrome is linked to their multifactorial nature where environmental, genetic and psychosocial factors interact through complex networks.
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“Continuous low-level translocation of LPS into circulation can induce chronic low-level inflammatory states associated with development of obesity and other metabolic syndromes [92].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [92]
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“As systemic inflammatory markers 123 and metabolites such as those derived from the gut microbiota have been associated with obesity and food addiction, future mechanistic studies that integrate these mediators are also of value.”
From History of early life adversity is associated with increased food addiction and sex-specific alterations in reward network connectivity in obesity (2019) · cites this paper as [123]
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BackgroundEffects of diallyl disulfide administration on insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice
Tsuzuki, T., Negishi, T., & Yukawa, K. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112292 · Cited by 3
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Chero‐Sandoval, L., Higuera‐Gómez, A., Martínez‐Urbistondo, M., Castejón, R., Mellor‐Pita, S., Moreno‐Torres, V., de Luis, D. A., Cuevas‐Sierra, A., & Martínez, J. A. (2024) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.14339 · Cited by 3
“32 Meanwhile, patients diagnosed with SLE in a stable state and under supervised medical treatment were selected to reduce possible biases.”
Yan, J., Zheng, W., Xie, S., Yun, X., Wang, Z., & Zhou, H. (2024) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2024.10.018 · Cited by 3
Use of Handgrip Strength as a Health Indicator in Public Sector Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Borges, R. C. D. S., Bocchi, M., Freitas, J. C., Silva, A. K. A. C., Gouvêa-e-Silva, L. F., de Oliveira, D. M., & Fernandes, E. V. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10020135 · Cited by 3
“The literature data also point to an association between an inadequate lifestyle (hypercaloric nutrition and sedentary behavior) and obesity, conditions related to the increase in pro-inflammatory mediators [52].”
Síndrome Metabólico y Riesgo Cardiovascular.
Botero, J. C., Delgado, D. S., & Ramos, O. C. (2006) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 3
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“Indeed, obesity such as that potentially induced by antipsychotics may be considered a chronic inflammatory disorder, lending further credibility to this potential pathway to explain our findings (Monteiro and Azevedo, 2010; Ellulu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundGunawan, H., Wibisono, S., Awalia, A., Rahmawati, L. D., Soeroso, J., & Pranoto, A. S. (2019) · International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics · doi:10.22159/ijap.2019.v11s5.t0049 · Cited by 3
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The potential association between metabolic syndrome and risk of post-surgical adhesion
Ferns, G. A., Abadi, M. S. S., & Arjmand, M. (2020) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2020.1856882 · Cited by 3
“…from visceral adipocytes in obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycaemia, and high blood pressure can stimulate chronic inflammation (Esteve et al. 2005, Monteiro & Azevedo 2010, Chang & Yang 2016), oxidative stress (Ando & Fujita 2009, Matsuda & Shimomura 2013) and molecular mechanism related to…”
BackgroundShortened Telomere Length is Associated with Adverse Outcomes in COVID-19 Disease
(2021) · Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Reports · doi:10.38207/jcmphr20210070 · Cited by 2
“People suffering from obesity have been found to have increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation (Furukawa et al., 2013; Monteiro & Azevedo, 2010).”
InfluentialKlasen, J. M., Tynes, D. M., Peterson, C. J., Schneider, R., Timper, K., Peterli, R., Randall, C. L., & Delko, T. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10050780 · Cited by 3
“The incidence of metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide, rooted in a combination of obesity, metabolic imbalances such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension [4,5].”
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Interdisciplinary Care Model: Metabolic Syndrome and Oral Health
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Infliximab‐related weight gain in inflammatory bowel disease: associations and financial impacts
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“[Nutr Hosp 2021;38(1):121-127] of polyphenols of 262 mg of GAE in the volunteers’ diet, which probably contributed to the increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) observed in the serum and polymorphonuclear cells of these women, as previously described (16,17).”
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Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage to nucleic acids in cells: facts and artifacts
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Toxicology, Epigenetics, and Autoimmunity
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Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
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Preventive, Mitigating and Treatment Strategies for Containing or Ending The COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
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da Rocha, P. D. S., Orué, S. L., Ferreira, I. C., Espindola, P. P. D. T., Rodrigues, M., de Carvalho, J. T. G., Baldivia, D. D. S., Leite, D. F., dos Santos, H. F., Oliveira, A. S., et al. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17081062 · Cited by 2
“Hypertrophy upregulates a cycle of continuous cellular recruitment of inflammation that leads to the increased production of reactive oxygen species [7].”
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Mwala, N. N., Hulst, J. I. ’., van der Meij, B. S., Vasse, E., Borkent, J. W., van Dronkelaar, C., Lakenman, P. L. M., Reijnierse, E. M., Schoufour, J. D., Weijs, P. J. M., et al. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.05.043 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Monteiro, R., & Azevedo, I.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Monteiro, Rosário
- Venue
- Mediators of Inflammation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 2010
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 0962-9351 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-1861
- PMC
- PMC2913796
- OpenAlex
- W1997248937
- Cited by
- 1,186
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 4.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mediators of Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic inflammation, adipocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, gut microbiota, dietary fat, circadian rhythm, psychological factors, adipose tissue
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Inflammation, Obesity, Adipocytes, Metabolic Syndrome
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