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Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
The increasing incidence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is disturbing. The activation of inflammatory pathways, used normally as host defence, reminds the seriousness of this condition. There is probably more than one cause for activation of inflammation. Apparently, metabolic overload evokes stress reactions, such as oxidative, inflammatory, organelle and cell hypertrophy, generating vicious cycles. Adipocyte hypertrophy, through physical reasons, facilitates cell rupture, what will evoke an inflammatory reaction. Inability of adipose tissue development to engulf incoming fat leads to deposition in other organs, mainly in the liver, with consequences on insulin resistance. The oxidative stress which accompanies feeding, particularly when there is excessive ingestion of fat and/or other macronutrients without concomitant ingestion of antioxidant-rich foods/beverages, may contribute to inflammation attributed to obesity. Moreover, data on the interaction of microbiota with food and obesity brought new hypothesis for the obesity/fat diet relationship with inflammation. Beyond these, other phenomena, for instance psychological and/or circadian rhythm disturbances, may likewise contribute to oxidative/inflammatory status. The difficulty in the management of obesity/metabolic syndrome is linked to their multifactorial nature where environmental, genetic and psychosocial factors interact through complex networks.
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“Continuous low-level translocation of LPS into circulation can induce chronic low-level inflammatory states associated with development of obesity and other metabolic syndromes [92].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [92]
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“As systemic inflammatory markers 123 and metabolites such as those derived from the gut microbiota have been associated with obesity and food addiction, future mechanistic studies that integrate these mediators are also of value.”
From History of early life adversity is associated with increased food addiction and sex-specific alterations in reward network connectivity in obesity (2019) · cites this paper as [123]
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“Moreover, MetS is associated with additional conditions and diseases [39,40] like chronic inflammation [41], oxidative stress [42], hepatic steatosis (non-alcoholic liver disease NAFLD) [43], cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, stroke) [44,45], type 2 diabetes [44,46],…”
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Effects of three different mannans on obesity and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice
Song, Y., Shen, H., Liu, T., Pan, B., Alwis, S. D., Zhang, W., Luo, X., Li, Z., Wang, N., Ma, W., et al. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo03331f · Cited by 67
Carillon, J., Romain, C., Bardy, G., Fouret, G., Feillet‐Coudray, C., Gaillet, S., Lacan, D., Cristol, J., & Rouanet, J. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.022 · Cited by 67
Inflammatory Cytokines and Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: Review and Clinical Implications
Fonseka, T. M., Müller, D. J., & Kennedy, S. H. (2016) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000441521 · Cited by 68
Chang, T., Chou, C., & Chang, L. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13089 · Cited by 63
“Obesity may affect the status of immune function and provoke chronic inflammation as well as increase the cardiovascular load and risk of metabolic disorders.(10) As a consequence, we hypothesize that obesity may increase the risk of severe COVID-19 through the above mechanisms.”
BackgroundAlmanza‐Aguilera, E., Cano, A., Gil‐Lespinard, M., Burguera, N., Zamora‐Ros, R., Agudo, A., & Farràs, M. (2023) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.08.001 · Cited by 65
“Obesity-associated insulin resistance has been shown to be associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as a consequence of dysfunctional adipose tissue [58,76,77].”
Lim, H. H., Yang, S. J., Kim, Y., Lee, M., & Lim, Y. (2013) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2012.2582 · Cited by 62
“Adipose tissue, as a motor for inflammation related to obesity, leads to the production of ROS and adipokines as well as the activation of inflammatory genes, resulting in inhibited insulin signaling.(29) Increased oxidative stress, as demonstrated by elevated MDA levels, was observed in the HF group compared to lean…”
BackgroundInfluentialGao, M., Zhang, C., Ma, Y., Bu, L., Yan, L., & Liu, D. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2013.125 · Cited by 62
Mechanisms linking the renin-angiotensin system, obesity, and breast cancer
Rasha, F. A., Ramalingam, L., Gollahon, L., Rahman, R. L., Rahman, S. M., Menikdiwela, K. R., & Moustaïd‐Moussa, N. (2019) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-19-0314 · Cited by 65
“Increased adipose hypertrophy due to obesity is positively correlated with recruitment of inflammatory immune cells to adipose tissue (Monteiro & Azevedo 2010).”
BackgroundPoulsen, N. B., Lambert, M. N. T., & Jeppesen, P. B. (2020) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202000473 · Cited by 65
Metabolic syndrome and hidradenitis suppurativa: epidemiological, molecular, and therapeutic aspects
Mintoff, D., Benhadou, F., Pace, N. P., & Frew, J. W. (2021) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ijd.15910 · Cited by 61
The role of inflammation in cancer of the esophagus
O’Sullivan, K. E., Phelan, J. J., Brown, C. O., Lysaght, J., O'Sullivan, J. N., & Reynolds, J. V. (2014) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1586/17474124.2014.913478 · Cited by 61
“An increase in the levels of non-esterified fatty acids resulting from an inability of existing adipose tissue to buffer excess nutrient intake is typical of the metabolic syndrome [35].”
BackgroundWiciński, M., Wódkiewicz, E., Słupski, M., Walczak, M., Socha, M. W., Malinowski, B., & Pawlak-Osińska, K. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/6091014 · Cited by 64
“As a result of obesity, the amount of FFA (free fatty acids) in blood increases, which causes low-grade inflammation [83] and its long-term persistence may be connected with the loss of neurons [81].”
BackgroundKanwal, S., Aliya, S., & Xin, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.558874 · Cited by 61
Morus alba (mulberry), a natural potent compound in management of obesity
Mahboubi, M. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104341 · Cited by 60
Adiponectin, leptin and IL-1 β in elderly diabetic patients with mild cognitive impairment
Górska-Ciebiada, M., Saryusz‐Wolska, M., Borkowska, A., Ciebiada, M., & Loba, J. M. (2015) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-015-9739-0 · Cited by 56
“In other studies, increased levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were found in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Holmes et al. 2009; Forlenza et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialBozorgi, A., Khazaei, M., Soleimani, M., & Jamalpoor, Z. (2021) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d1bm00504a · Cited by 57
Alsanea, S., & Liu, D. (2017) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-017-2230-3 · Cited by 58
Ganie, M. A., Sahar, T., Rashid, A., Wani, I. A., Nisar, S., Sathyapalan, T., Vishnubhatla, S., Ramakrishnan, L., Parvez, T., & Geer, M. I. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00699 · Cited by 58
“Although the reason of this sub-inflammation is unclear, higher BMI particularly visceral adiposity has been implicated (10, 18).”
BackgroundEffects of Bariatric Surgery on Adipokine-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance
Göktaş, Z., Moustaïd‐Moussa, N., Shen, C., Boylan, M. L., Mo, H., & Wang, S. F. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00069 · Cited by 57
“Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 eventually contributes to insulin resistance via activating the NF-kB signaling pathway and increasing proinflammatory cytokine production (Monteiro and Azevedo, 2010).”
BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome and Air Pollution: A Narrative Review of Their Cardiopulmonary Effects
Clementi, E. A., Talusan, A., Vaidyanathan, S., Veerappan, A., Mikhail, M., Ostrofsky, D. F., Crowley, G., Kim, J., Kwon, S., & Nolan, A. (2019) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics7010006 · Cited by 57
“Furthermore, individuals with preexisting MetSyn are more susceptible to the inflammatory effects of PM exposure [2,32,36].”
BackgroundMuscle atrophy in aging and chronic diseases: is it sarcopenia or cachexia?
Muscaritoli, M., Lucia, S., Molfino, A., Cederholm, T., & Fanelli, F. R. (2012) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-012-0807-8 · Cited by 56
Kilany, O. E., Abdelrazek, H. M. A., Aldayel, T. S., Abdo, S., & Mahmoud, M. M. A. (2020) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.026 · Cited by 60
Alzahrani, S., Zaitone, S. A., Said, E., El‐Sherbiny, M., Ajwah, S. M., Alsharif, S. Y., & Elsherbiny, N. M. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106813 · Cited by 56
Fang, S., Suh, J. M., Atkins, A. R., Hong, S.-H., Leblanc, M., Nofsinger, R. R., Yu, R. T., Downes, M., & Evans, R. M. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1017707108 · Cited by 54
“Secondary complications associated with metabolic syndrome include atherosclerosis, stroke, fatty liver disease, blindness, and others (1, 2).”
BackgroundXiao, S., & Zhao, L. (2013) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12250 · Cited by 57
“Therefore, the most effective anti-inflammatory therapy strategies should address the root causes of inflammation, which include metabolic endotoxemia (Monteiro & Azevedo, 2010; Gregor & Hotamisligil, 2011; Moreira et al., 2012).”
BackgroundManagement of the Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery Patient
Buchwald, H., Ikramuddin, S., Dorman, R. B., Schone, J. L., & Dixon, J. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.05.035 · Cited by 55
Lipid metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease
Zhu, T.-B., Zhang, Z., Luo, P., Wang, S.-S., Peng, Y., Chu, S.-F., & Chen, N.-H. (2019) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.012 · Cited by 55
Sheikh, M. H., Errede, M., d’Amati, A., Khan, N. Q., Fanti, S., Loiola, R. A., McArthur, S., Purvis, G. S. D., O’Riordan, C. E., Ferorelli, D., et al. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202101297r · Cited by 56
Livshits, G., & Kalinkovich, A. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.101852 · Cited by 56
Erbaş, O., Solmaz, V., Aksoy, D., Yavaşoğlu, A., Sağcan, M., & Taşkıran, D. (2014) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.035 · Cited by 54
“…functions that are analogous to that of the immune system as it secretes inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, interleukin 6 (IL-6), leptin, adiponectin, and C-reactive protein akin to macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes (Monteiro and Azevedo, 2010; Sell and Eckel, 2010).”
Tran, D. Q., Tse, E. K., Kim, M. H., & Belsham, D. D. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.015 · Cited by 55
The brain-adipocyte-gut network: Linking obesity and depression subtypes
Patist, C., Stapelberg, N. J. C., Toit, E. F. D., & Headrick, J. P. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0626-0 · Cited by 58
“Leptin-ghrelin system and inflammation Leptin and ghrelin influence inflammatory function, an important mediator of depression consistently dysregulated in obesity (Ferrante, 2007; Monteiro & Azevedo, 2010) (Fig.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Monteiro, R., & Azevedo, I.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Monteiro, Rosário
- Venue
- Mediators of Inflammation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 2010
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 0962-9351 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-1861
- PMC
- PMC2913796
- OpenAlex
- W1997248937
- Cited by
- 1,186
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 4.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mediators of Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic inflammation, adipocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, gut microbiota, dietary fat, circadian rhythm, psychological factors, adipose tissue
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Inflammation, Obesity, Adipocytes, Metabolic Syndrome
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