The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
The increasing incidence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is disturbing. The activation of inflammatory pathways, used normally as host defence, reminds the seriousness of this condition. There is probably more than one cause for activation of inflammation. Apparently, metabolic overload evokes stress reactions, such as oxidative, inflammatory, organelle and cell hypertrophy, generating vicious cycles. Adipocyte hypertrophy, through physical reasons, facilitates cell rupture, what will evoke an inflammatory reaction. Inability of adipose tissue development to engulf incoming fat leads to deposition in other organs, mainly in the liver, with consequences on insulin resistance. The oxidative stress which accompanies feeding, particularly when there is excessive ingestion of fat and/or other macronutrients without concomitant ingestion of antioxidant-rich foods/beverages, may contribute to inflammation attributed to obesity. Moreover, data on the interaction of microbiota with food and obesity brought new hypothesis for the obesity/fat diet relationship with inflammation. Beyond these, other phenomena, for instance psychological and/or circadian rhythm disturbances, may likewise contribute to oxidative/inflammatory status. The difficulty in the management of obesity/metabolic syndrome is linked to their multifactorial nature where environmental, genetic and psychosocial factors interact through complex networks.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Continuous low-level translocation of LPS into circulation can induce chronic low-level inflammatory states associated with development of obesity and other metabolic syndromes [92].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [92]
In the citing paper
“As systemic inflammatory markers 123 and metabolites such as those derived from the gut microbiota have been associated with obesity and food addiction, future mechanistic studies that integrate these mediators are also of value.”
From History of early life adversity is associated with increased food addiction and sex-specific alterations in reward network connectivity in obesity (2019) · cites this paper as [123]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s062 · Cited by 14,094
Inflammation and metabolic disorders
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05485 · Cited by 9,199 · cited 2×
“Other researchers have attempted to name this inflammatory state as “metaflammation”, meaning metabolically triggered inflammation [32], or “parainflammation” as a term to define an intermediate state between basal and inflammatory states [33].”
BackgroundOrigin and physiological roles of inflammation
Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07201 · Cited by 6,618 · cited 1×
“Other researchers have attempted to name this inflammatory state as “metaflammation”, meaning metabolically triggered inflammation [32], or “parainflammation” as a term to define an intermediate state between basal and inflammatory states [33].”
BackgroundEckel, R. H., Alberti, K., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61794-3 · Cited by 6,317
Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66378-7 · Cited by 5,755
Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice
Bäckhed, F., Manchester, J. K., Semenkovich, C. F., & Gordon, J. I. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605374104 · Cited by 2,615 · cited 2×
“[108] F.”
ResultCinti, S., Mitchell, G., Barbatelli, G., Murano, I., Ceresi, E., Faloia, E., Wang, S., Fortier, M., Greenberg, A. S., & Obin, M. S. (2005) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m500294-jlr200 · Cited by 2,529 · cited 1×
“Macrophage crowns surrounding dead adipocytes in adipose tissue, as shown by Cinti and collaborators [71], are compatible with this hypothesis.”
BackgroundPhylogenetic Perspectives in Innate Immunity
Hoffmann, J. A., Kafatos, F. C., Janeway, C. A., & Ezekowitz, R. A. B. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1313 · Cited by 2,524 · cited 1×
“[72] J.”
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- 2003, Endocrine Practice, 9, 237
- 2000, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 3338
- 2000, Diabetes and Metabolism, 26, 178
- 2008, International Journal of Obesity, 32, S11
- 2006, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25, 262S
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention
Zhao, H., Wu, L., Yan, G., Chen, Y., Zhou, M., Wu, Y., & Li, Y. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00658-5 · Cited by 3,058
Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research
Naveed, M., Hejazi, V., Abbas, M., Kamboh, A. A., Khan, G. J., Shumzaid, M., Ahmad, F., Babazadeh, D., FangFang, X., Modarresi-Ghazani, F., et al. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.064 · Cited by 1,586
Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Obesity
Fernández-Sánchez, A., Madrigal‐Santillán, E., Bautista, M., Esquivel-Soto, J., Morales‐González, Á., Esquivel-Chirino, C., Durante-Montiel, I., Sánchez-Rivera, G., Valadez-Vega, M. D. C., & Morales‐González, J. A. (2011) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms12053117 · Cited by 1,536
“The amount of internalized FFA in liver is not regulated; thus, it is proportional to the plasma, in addition it also increases lipogenesis in the body and enhances intracellular accumulation of TG [34].”
BackgroundInfluentialKim, K., Gu, W., Lee, I., Joh, E., & Kim, D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047713 · Cited by 1,228
“However, recent studies have demonstrated that a variety of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, as well as increased oxidative stress as reflected in increased reactive oxygen species, could accelerate the development of metabolic syndrome [4,5].”
BackgroundOxidative stress and metabolic disorders: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies
Rani, V., Deep, G., Singh, R. K., Palle, K., & Yadav, U. C. S. (2016) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.002 · Cited by 1,180
“of oxygen, accumulation of cellular damage, diet and mitochondrial activity [65-69].”
BackgroundBaumeister, D., Akhtar, R., Ciufolini, S., Pariante, C. M., & Mondelli, V (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.67 · Cited by 1,084
“…to several psychiatric disorders, including depression 3 , anxiety 4 , psychosis 5 and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 4 , as well as several chronic physical health problems, including rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, metabolic syndrome and cancer 6,2,7 .”
Obesity and Cancer Mechanisms: Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation
Iyengar, N. M., Gucalp, A., Dannenberg, A. J., & Hudis, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.67.4283 · Cited by 1,004
“This is paralleled by the increased production ofMCP-1 and several other cytokines that are traditionally involved in wound healing.(26) In addition to recruitment, MCP-1may also stimulate proliferation of macrophages within adipose tissue.”
BackgroundSantana‐Gálvez, J., Cisneros‐Zevallos, L., & Jacobo‐Velázquez, D. A. (2017) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules22030358 · Cited by 725
“A so, chronic inflammation has bee associated with metabolic syndrome [57].”
BackgroundChronic Low Grade Inflammation in Pathogenesis of PCOS
Rudnicka, E., Suchta, K., Grymowicz, M., Calik-Ksepka, A., Smolarczyk, K., Duszewska, A. M., Smolarczyk, R., & Meczekalski, B. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073789 · Cited by 680
“Obesity is a metabolic condition characterized by chronic inflammation state with higher pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and oxidative stress (OS) markers levels [5,6].”
BackgroundLong COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus
Raman, B., Bluemke, D. A., Lüscher, T. F., & Neubauer, S. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031 · Cited by 717
The Potential Benefits of Red Beetroot Supplementation in Health and Disease
Clifford, T., Howatson, G., West, D., & Stevenson, E. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7042801 · Cited by 635
“Chronic inflammation is often implicated in the onset and progression of several clinical disorders such as obesity, liver disease, cancer and heart disease [69,74,75].”
BackgroundEssandoh, K., Li, Y., Huo, J., & Fan, G. (2016) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000000604 · Cited by 611
Sarcopenia: A Contemporary Health Problem among Older Adult Populations
Papadopoulou, S. Κ. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051293 · Cited by 672
The macrophage switch in obesity development
Castoldi, A., Naffah de Souza, C., Câmara, N. O. S., & Moraes-Vieira, P. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00637 · Cited by 575
Health benefits of resveratrol: Evidence from clinical studies
Singh, A. P., Singh, R., Verma, S. S., Rai, V., Kaschula, C. H., Maiti, P., & Gupta, S. C. (2019) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21565 · Cited by 523
“Chronic inflammation is at present widely accepted to be a pathophysiological trigger of many metabolic diseases including obesity, T2DM, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and impaired fasting glucose (IFG).(40,41) Chronic inflammation is also known to play a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance.”
BackgroundChung, H. Y., Kim, D. H., Lee, E. K., Chung, K. W., Chung, S., Lee, B., Seo, A. Y., Chung, J. H., Jung, Y. S., Im, E., et al. (2018) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2018.0324 · Cited by 512
Bioactive compounds of beetroot and utilization in food processing industry: A critical review
Chhikara, N., Kushwaha, K., Sharma, P., Gat, Y., & Panghal, A. (2019) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.022 · Cited by 488
Estaki, M., Pither, J., Baumeister, P., Little, J. P., Gill, S. K., Ghosh, S., Ahmadi-Vand, Z., Marsden, K. R., & Gibson, D. L. (2016) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0189-7 · Cited by 476
“Continuous low-level translocation of LPS into circulation can induce chronic low-level inflammatory states that are associated with development of obesity and other metabolic syndromes [47].”
BackgroundInvited review: Inflammation during the transition to lactation: New adventures with an old flame
Bradford, B. J., Yuan, K., Farney, J. K., Mamedova, L. K., & Carpenter, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9683 · Cited by 520
“(Monteiro and Azevedo, 2010), and cancer (Coussens and Werb, 2002), and numerous reviews have been written on the problem of nonresolution and its corresponding mechanisms (Nathan and Ding, 2010; Serhan, 2011).”
BackgroundMohr, A. E., Jäger, R., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Townsend, J. R., West, N. P., Black, K., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w · Cited by 378
“Continuous low-level translocation of LPS into circulation can induce chronic low-level inflammatory states associated with development of obesity and other metabolic syndromes [92].”
BackgroundFlavonoids and their role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and human diseases
Jomová, K., Alomar, S. Y., Valko, R., Líška, J., Nepovimová, E., Kuča, K., & Valko, M. (2025) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2025.111489 · Cited by 449
Kwaifa, I. K., Bahari, H., Yong, Y. K., & Noor, S. M. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10020291 · Cited by 345
“In addition, oxidative stress associated with excessive intake of fat and other macronutrients devoid of antioxidant-rich food results in inflammation attributed to obesity [13].”
BackgroundNani, A., Murtaza, B., Sayed Khan, A., Khan, N. A., & Hichami, A. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26040985 · Cited by 321
“After being activated, all of these kinases trigger pro-inflammatory cytokines, chiefly through the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in adipose tissue cells [69,70].”
BackgroundThe role of leptin/adiponectin ratio in metabolic syndrome and diabetes
López-Jaramillo, P., Gómez-Arbeláez, D., López-López, J., López-López, C., Martínez-Ortega, J., Gómez-Rodríguez, A., & Triana-Cubillos, S. (2014) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2013-0053 · Cited by 405
“The relationship between inflammation and MetS is supported by several studies [1, 18, 22], as is the association between increased visceral fat mass and MetS [23].”
BackgroundVascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI)
Rundek, T., Tolea, M. I., Ariko, T., Fagerli, E. A., & Camargo, C. J. (2021) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01170-y · Cited by 347
“Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the link between obesity and cognitive function, including chronic low grade systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in obese individuals [184], increased permeability of the BBB [185], and increased insulin resistance leading to declines in glucose metabolism, all o…”
BackgroundShao, W., Yu, Z., Chiang, Y., Yang, Y., Chai, T., Foltz, W. D., Lu, H., Fantus, I. G., & Jin, T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028784 · Cited by 311
“In mature adipocytes, increased oxidative stress in response to HFD could contribute to increased inflammatory signaling, which is at least partially responsible for the impairment of whole body insulin sensitivity [29].”
BackgroundMetabolic triggered inflammation in osteoarthritis
Wang, X., Hunter, D. J., Xu, J., & Ding, C. (2014) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.10.002 · Cited by 319
Obesity and Cancer: Local and Systemic Mechanisms
Iyengar, N. M., Hudis, C. A., & Dannenberg, A. J. (2015) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050913-022228 · Cited by 290
“These observations are partly explained by the limitations of BMI as a reflection of overall health or specifically the quality of adipose tissue.”
BackgroundInfluentialInternational Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics
Jäger, R., Mohr, A. E., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Moussa, A., Townsend, J. R., Lamprecht, M., West, N. P., Black, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0329-0 · Cited by 277
NAD metabolism: Implications in aging and longevity
Yaku, K., Okabe, K., & Nakagawa, T. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.006 · Cited by 269
Lafarga, T., Acién, F. G., & García‐Vaquero, M. (2020) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2020.101909 · Cited by 256
Booz, G. W. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.007 · Cited by 254
“Metabolic overload of adipocytes causes production of ROS, proinflammatory cytokines, and adipokines that activate inflammatory genes and stress kinases and interfere with insulin signaling [76,77].”
BackgroundNuclear sirtuins and inflammatory signaling pathways
Mendes, K. L., Lelis, D. D. F., & Santos, S. H. S. (2017) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.11.001 · Cited by 239
Obesity and aging: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches
Santos, A. L., & Sinha, S. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101268 · Cited by 249
RAGE is a nucleic acid receptor that promotes inflammatory responses to DNA
Sirois, C. M., Jin, T., Miller, A. L., Bertheloot, D., Nakamura, H., Horvath, G. L., Mian, A., Jiang, J., Schrum, J. E., Bossaller, L., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20120201 · Cited by 234
Metformin improves obesity-associated inflammation by altering macrophages polarization
Jing, Y., Wu, F., Li, D., Yang, L., Li, Q., & Li, R. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.025 · Cited by 227
Chlorogenic Acid Improves High Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice
Ma, Y., Gao, M., & Liu, D. (2014) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-014-1526-9 · Cited by 221
‘Adipaging’: ageing and obesity share biological hallmarks related to a dysfunctional adipose tissue
Pérez, L. M., Pareja‐Galeano, H., Sanchis‐Gomar, F., Emanuele, E., Lucia, A., & Gálvez, B. G. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271691 · Cited by 215
“In order to cope with it, the stressed ER engages the unfolded protein response which, if not relieved, may induce cell death via apoptosis (Mori, 2000; Zhao & Ackerman, 2006; Monteiro & Azevedo, 2010).”
BackgroundPeripheral oxytocin treatment ameliorates obesity by reducing food intake and visceral fat mass
Maejima, Y., Iwasaki, Y., Yamahara, Y., Kodaira, M., Sedbazar, U., & Yada, T. (2011) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100408 · Cited by 220
“Fatty liver impairs glucose and lipid metabolism, thereby promoting type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, and also increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatic cancer [19].”
BackgroundXie, D., Gong, M., Wei, W., Jin, J., Wang, X., Wang, X., & Jin, Q. (2019) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12427 · Cited by 221
Impact of Obesity-Induced Inflammation on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
Battineni, G., Sagaro, G. G., Chintalapudi, N., Amenta, F., Tomassoni, D., & Tayebati, S. K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094798 · Cited by 230
Estrogen Signaling in Metabolic Inflammation
Monteiro, R., Teixeira, D., & Calhau, C. (2014) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2014/615917 · Cited by 223
“Besides, LPS and nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, hypoxia, cell damage, and death can activate metabolic inflammation in various cells types [6, 8, 25–28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationObesity-Related Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function
Stadler, J. T., & Marsche, G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21238985 · Cited by 200
A hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID‐19 : The centrality of ACE1 / ACE2 imbalance
Sriram, K., & Insel, P. A. (2020) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15082 · Cited by 196
“The metabolic syndrome is associated with chronic inflammation, which may be a causative feature of this syndrome (Monteiro & Azevedo, 2010).”
BackgroundAdipose Tissue Dysregulation in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Bremer, A. A., Devaraj, S., Afify, A. M., & Jialal, I. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1577 · Cited by 197
Phenolic compounds as natural and multifunctional anti-obesity agents: A review
Rodríguez‐Pérez, C., Segura‐Carretero, A., & Contreras, M. D. M. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1399859 · Cited by 198
Systemic Correlates of White Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Iyengar, N. M., Zhou, X. K., Gucalp, A., Morris, P. G., Howe, L. R., Giri, D. D., Morrow, M., Wang, H., Pollak, M., Jones, L. W., et al. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2239 · Cited by 192
“Moreover, chronic inflammation appears to play a pathogenic role in atherosclerosis, diabetes, and other conditions associated with the metabolic syndrome – a group of disorders that includes obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and fasting hyperglycemia (16-19).”
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome, Mediterranean diet, and polyphenols: Evidence and perspectives
Finicelli, M., Squillaro, T., Cristo, F. D., Salle, A. D., Melone, M. A. B., Galderisi, U., & Peluso, G. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.27506 · Cited by 196
“This increases FFAs while reducing adiponectin release (Monteiro & Azevedo, 2010).”
BackgroundVisceral obesity relates to deep white matter hyperintensities via inflammation
Lampe, L., Zhang, R., Beyer, F., Hühn, S., Masouleh, S. K., Preusser, S., Bazin, P., Schroeter, M. L., Villringer, A., & Witte, A. V. (2018) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25396 · Cited by 184
“These latter mechanisms could have contributed to our results, given that visceral obesity is linked to higher circulating IL6 and high-sensitivity CRP, indicating lowgrade systemic inflammation.(20,43) Interestingly, studies comparing subcutaneous with visceral adipose tissue not only revealed a higher association wi…”
BackgroundResultConsumption of Chlorogenic Acids through Coffee and Health Implications
Farah, A., & Lima, J. D. P. (2019) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages5010011 · Cited by 177
“Chronic inflammation has also been associated with the underlying cause of dysregulation of adipocytokines and development of metabolic syndrome [112,193].”
BackgroundPereira, C. P. M., Souza, A. C. R., Vasconcelos, A. R., Prado, P. S., & Name, J. J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4783 · Cited by 181
“This disease has risk factors that are also strongly associated with the development of cardiovascular complications, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and abdominal fat deposition (84).”
Backgroundvan der Weerd, K., Dik, W. A., Schrijver, B., Schweitzer, D. H., Langerak, A. W., Drexhage, H. A., Kiewiet, R. M., van Aken, M. O., van Huisstede, A., van Dongen, J. J. M., et al. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1065 · Cited by 180
“Because obesity is characterized by abnormal production of proinflammatory cytokines (28), we hypothesized that cytokines involved in T-cell proliferation, survival, and recruitment might also be produced in excess in morbidly obese subjects.”
Ramakrishnan, V. M., & Boyd, N. L. (2017) · Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews · doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0061 · Cited by 183
Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Nascent Metabolic Syndrome
Bremer, A. A., & Jialal, I. (2013) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2013/393192 · Cited by 176
“The relationship between inflammation andMetS is supported by several studies [2, 4, 18, 19], as is the relationship between increased visceral fat mass andMetS [20–22].”
BackgroundMorys, F., Dadar, M., & Dagher, A. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab135 · Cited by 181
Capsaicin in Metabolic Syndrome
Panchal, S. K., Bliss, E., & Brown, L. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10050630 · Cited by 169
Yang, R., Xiu, H., Zhou, Q., Sun, L., Mu, H., Li, H., Wang, S., Li, X., Chen, W., & Dong, J. (2019) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2019/4809836 · Cited by 167
Obesity and Inflammation: New Insights into Breast Cancer Development and Progression
Iyengar, N. M., Hudis, C. A., & Dannenberg, A. J. (2013) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbook_am.2013.33.46 · Cited by 165
Ahmad, R., Rah, B., Bastola, D. K., Dhawan, P., & Singh, A. B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04989-8 · Cited by 161
Fibrosis Assessment in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in 2016
Kaswala, D. H., Lai, M., & Afdhal, N. H. (2016) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-016-4079-4 · Cited by 161
Psoriasis and comorbidities: links and risks
Chiu, M. W., & Ni, C. S. (2014) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s44843 · Cited by 156
Dietary and Endogenous Sphingolipid Metabolism in Chronic Inflammation
Norris, G. H., & Blesso, C. N. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111180 · Cited by 157
“Nevertheless, chronic low-grade inflammation promotes metabolic abnormalities, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, which contribute to these metabolic diseases [63].”
BackgroundToll-like receptors, inflammation, metabolism and obesity
Fresno, M., Álvarez, R., & Cuesta, N. (2011) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.3109/13813455.2011.562514 · Cited by 150
“…is now considered as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation which is characterized by the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 from both adipocytes and immune cells (Hotamisligil, 2006; Monteiro & Azevedo, 2010; Xu et al., 2003).”
BackgroundIyengar, N. M., Brown, K. A., Zhou, X. K., Gucalp, A., Subbaramaiah, K., Giri, D. D., Zahid, H., Bhardwaj, P., Wendel, N. K., Falcone, D. J., et al. (2017) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0314 · Cited by 154
Pauls, S. D., Rodway, L. A., Winter, T., Taylor, C. G., Zahradka, P. C., & Aukema, H. M. (2018) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.020 · Cited by 144
Obesity and its impact on female reproductive health: unraveling the connections
Zheng, L., Yang, L.-X., Guo, Z., Yao, N., Zhang, S., & Pu, P.-P. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1326546 · Cited by 153
Gérard, C., & Brown, K. A. (2018) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.014 · Cited by 136
“inflammatory factors, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), causing chronic in-breast inflammation [103, 104].”
Sandrini, L., Minno, A. D., Amadio, P., Ieraci, A., Tremoli, E., & Barbieri, S. S. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19082281 · Cited by 142
“Obesity is a metabolic dysfunction recently associated also with a low-grade inflammatory state [2,3].”
BackgroundMuhammad, H. F. L., van Baak, M. A., Mariman, E. C. M., Sulistyoningrum, D. C., Huriyati, E., Lee, Y. Y., & Muda, W. A. M. W. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010148 · Cited by 142
“One of the mechanisms which may explain the interaction between obesity and the development of NCDs is systemic and adipose tissue inflammation [3,4].”
BackgroundInfluentialGavia-García, G., Rosado-Pérez, J., Arista-Ugalde, T. L., Aguíñiga-Sánchez, I., Santiago‐Osorio, E., & Mendoza-Núñez, V. M. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10040253 · Cited by 148
Misiak, B., Leszek, J., & Kiejna, A. (2012) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.08.003 · Cited by 140
Bujtor, M., Turner, A. I., Torres, S. J., Esteban‐Gonzalo, L., Pariante, C. M., & Borsini, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020356 · Cited by 144
Wu, Q., Sun, L., Hu, X., Wang, X., Xu, F., Chen, B., Liang, X., Xia, J., Wang, P., Aibara, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci142865 · Cited by 131
“In addition to cholesterol, sphingolipids also play a crucial role in chronic inflammation (34), and ceramide levels were found to be elevated in human atherosclerotic plaques (15).”
BackgroundAlicka, M., Major, P., Wysocki, M., & Marycz, K. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8060765 · Cited by 133
The role of the T cell in age-related inflammation
Macaulay, R., Akbar, A. N., & Henson, S. M. (2012) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9381-2 · Cited by 130
“…diseases, including RA (Feldmann and Maini 2003 ), cardiovascular diseases (Libby et al. 2010), cancer (Grivennikov and Karin 2011), osteoporosis (Lencel and Magne 2011), metabolic syndrome (Monteiro and Azevedo 2010), frailty syndrome (Ershler 2007) and Alzheimer's disease (Morales et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThota, R. N., Acharya, S. H., & Garg, M. L. (2019) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-019-0967-x · Cited by 127
Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for diabetes
Moreira, A. G., Kahlenberg, S., & Hornsby, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-17-0117 · Cited by 124
Systemic and ovarian inflammation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Zhai, Y., & Pang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2022.103628 · Cited by 123
Exercise in the Metabolic Syndrome
Golbidi, S., Mesdaghinia, A., & Laher, I. (2012) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2012/349710 · Cited by 127
“Confrontation with various stressors (oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and elevated concentrations of fatty acids) activates stress kinases, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal regulated kinase, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)-kin…”
BackgroundInfluentialInflammation and cancer: paradoxical roles in tumorigenesis and implications in immunotherapies
Liu, X., Yin, L., Shen, S., & Hou, Y. (2021) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2021.09.006 · Cited by 128
Obesity and breast cancer: A case of inflamed adipose tissue
Kolb, R., & Zhang, W. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12061686 · Cited by 119
Moore, G., & Pidgeon, G. P. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18020236 · Cited by 119
“This chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue has been shown to potentiate associated obesity-driven pathologies [167,178].”
BackgroundLeisegang, K., Henkel, R., & Agarwal, A. (2019) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.13178 · Cited by 124
Influence of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors on Platelet Function
Barale, C., & Russo, I. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21020623 · Cited by 125
Type 2 diabetes is associated with the accumulation of senescent T cells
Lau, E. Y. M., Carroll, E. C., Callender, L. A., Hood, G., Berryman, V., Pattrick, M., Finer, S., Hitman, G. A., Ackland, G. L., & Henson, S. M. (2019) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.13344 · Cited by 118
Chtourou, Y., Fetoui, H., Jemai, R., Slima, A. B., Makni, M., & Gdoura, R. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.027 · Cited by 115
Fat body, fat pad and adipose tissues in invertebrates and vertebrates: the nexus
Azeez, O. I., Meintjes, R. A., & Chamunorwa, J. P. (2014) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-13-71 · Cited by 120
“Unlike in lower animals, which utilize stored fat for energy during starvation, poor food availability or during winter, storage of fat has been linked with reduced life expectancy [39] as a result of degenerative diseases and the development of metabolic syndrome(s) including conditions such as diabetes, hypertension…”
BackgroundBonomo, R. R., Cook, T. M., Gavini, C. K., White, C. R., Jones, J. R., Bovo, E., Zima, A. V., Brown, I. A., Dugas, L. R., Zakharian, E., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2006065117 · Cited by 114
“Moreover, human obesity is often accompanied by a low-grade chronic inflammation (95) and butyrate has been shown to be antiinflammatory.”
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome and risk of breast cancer mortality by menopause, obesity, and subtype
Dibaba, D. T., Ogunsina, K., Braithwaite, D., & Akinyemiju, T. (2018) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-018-5056-8 · Cited by 113
“Central adiposity is also related to a risk of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia [41].”
BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome in Patients with Psoriatic Disease
Gelfand, J. M., & Yeung, H. (2012) · Journal of Rheumatology Supplement · doi:10.3899/jrheum.120237 · Cited by 110
de Souza, P. A. L., Marcadenti, A., & Portal, V. L. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9101087 · Cited by 116
“Obesity and metabolic syndrome are characterized by a chronic and low-grade inflammatory state, increasing the contribution of inflammation to the genesis and evolution of CAD [139,140].”
BackgroundMetabolically Healthy Obesity—Heterogeneity in Definitions and Unconventional Factors
Brandão, I., Martins, M. J., & Monteiro, R. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10020048 · Cited by 117
“Obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction are diseases with a very complex management due to their multifactorial nature involving environmental, genetic, and psychosocial factors interacting through intricate networks [22].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNatural Bioactive Compounds Useful in Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome
Noce, A., Lauro, M. D., Daniele, F. D., Zaitseva, A. P., Marrone, G., Borboni, P., & Daniele, N. D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020630 · Cited by 120
“The pathophysiological processes that involve the metabolic alterations typical of MetS are interrelated and characterized by a low-grade chronic inflammatory state [18], as shown in Figure 1.”
BackgroundRole of High-Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) in Non-communicable Diseases: A Review
Banait, T., Wanjari, A., Danade, V., Banait, S., & Jain, J. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.30225 · Cited by 137
“These structural and metabolic changes in the adipocyte make them vulnerable to hypoxic injury and more prone to rupture easily, which ultimately results in the secretion of proinflammatory adipokine in adipose tissue [13,14].”
BackgroundNaudin, C. R., Maner-Smith, K. M., Owens, J. A., Wynn, G. M., Robinson, B. S., Matthews, J. D., Reedy, A. R., Luo, L., Wolfarth, A. A., Darby, T. M., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.010 · Cited by 109
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 regulates microglial motility and phagocytic activity
Jeon, H., Kim, J., Kim, J., Lee, W., Lee, M., & Suk, K. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-149 · Cited by 107
“Extensive studies have been conducted for PAI-1 in cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes [103-107], but little is known about its role in inflammatory diseases of the brain.”
BackgroundGao, M., Ma, Y., & Liu, D. (2013) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1125-1 · Cited by 108
“Chronic inflammation in obesity is primarily mediated by macrophages (11,12).”
Luvizotto, R. D. A. M., do Nascimento, A. F., Imaizumi, E., Pierine, D. T., Conde, S. J., Corrêa, C. R., Yeum, K., & Ferreira, A. L. A. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513001256 · Cited by 107
“Many studies have demonstrated that white adipose tissue represents an important site of inflammation((1)), showing insu-”
BackgroundBubnov, R. V., Babenko, L. P., Lazarenko, L. M., Mokrozub, V. V., Demchenko, O. A., Nechypurenko, O. V., & Spivak, M. Y. (2017) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-017-0117-3 · Cited by 108
Neuroinflammation: A Modifiable Pathway Linking Obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and Depression
Ly, M. J., Yu, G. Z., Mian, A., Cramer, A., Meysami, S., Merrill, D. A., Samara, A., Eisenstein, S. A., Hershey, T. G., Babulal, G. M., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.06.001 · Cited by 114
Metadata
- Authors
- Monteiro, R., & Azevedo, I.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Monteiro, Rosário
- Venue
- Mediators of Inflammation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 2010
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 0962-9351 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-1861
- PMC
- PMC2913796
- OpenAlex
- W1997248937
- Cited by
- 1,186
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 4.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mediators of Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic inflammation, adipocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, gut microbiota, dietary fat, circadian rhythm, psychological factors, adipose tissue
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Inflammation, Obesity, Adipocytes, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
