Profound vitamin D deficiency in a diverse group of women during pregnancy living in a sun-rich environment at latitude 32°N
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Determine prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in a diverse group of women presenting for obstetrical care at two community health centers in South Carolina at latitude 32°N. METHODS AND DESIGN: Any pregnant woman presenting for care at 2 community health centers was eligible to participate. Sociodemographic and clinical history were recorded. A single blood sample was taken to measure circulating 25(OH)D as indicator of vitamin D status [25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L deficiency; <32 ng/mL (80 nmol/L) insufficiency]. Total serum calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, and intact parathyroid hormone also were measured. RESULTS: 559 women, [mean age 25.0 ± 5.4 (range 14-43) years] participated: African American (48%), Hispanic (38%), Caucasian/Other (14%). Mean gestational age was 18.5 ± 8.4 (median 14.6, range 6.4-39.6) weeks' gestation. 48% were VDD; an additional 37% insufficient. Greatest degree was in the African American women (68% deficient; 94% insufficient). In multivariable regression, 25(OH)D retained a significant negative association with PTH (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: VDD was high in a diverse group of women, greatest in those of darker pigmentation. The negative correlation between 25(OH)D and PTH confirms their corroborative use as biomarkers of VDD. These findings raise the issue of adequacy of current vitamin D recommendations for pregnant women.
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Many athletes are vitamin D deficient, largely due to a sun-shy lifestyle and poor dietary sources, even those living in sunny climates.
“This emerging knowledge, combined with a plethora of research suggesting that many athletes are vitamin D deficient [140], largely due to a sun-shy lifestyle and poor dietary sources of vitamin D, even those living in sunny climates [141] has resulted in vitamin D being one of the most widely supplemented vitamins in sports nutrition.”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [141]
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- Authors
- Hamilton, S. A., McNeil, R., Hollis, B. W., Davis, D. J., Winkler, J., Cook, C., Warner, G., Bivens, B., McShane, P., & Wagner, C. L.
- Affiliations
- The Eau Claire Study Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eau Claire Cooperative Health Centers, Columbia, SC 29204, USA
- Durham VA Medical Center (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wagner, Carol L.
- Venue
- International Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 2010
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 1687-8337 (ISSN-L)
- 1687-8345
- PMC
- PMC3004407
- OpenAlex
- W2089668510
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RR01070)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin K Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- vitamin D deficiency, pregnancy, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, African American women, racial differences, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, vitamin D status biomarkers, vitamin D recommendations
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