Oxygen versus Reactive Oxygen in the Regulation of HIF-1α: The Balance Tips
Open accessAbstract
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is known as the master regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia and is of pivotal importance during development as well as in human disease, particularly in cancer. It is composed of a constitutively expressed β subunit (HIF-1 β) and an oxygen-regulated α subunit (HIF-1 α and HIF-2 α), whose stability is tightly controlled by a family of oxygen- and iron-dependent prolyl hydroxylase enzymes. Whether or not mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the regulation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 α has been a matter of contention for the last 10 years, with equally compelling evidence in favor and against their contribution. A number of recent papers appear to tip the balance against a role for ROS. Thus, it has been demonstrated that HIF prolyl hydroxylases are unlikely to be physiological targets of ROS and that the increase in ROS that is associated with downregulation of Thioredoxin Reductase in hypoxia does not affect HIF-1 α stabilization. Finally, the protein CHCHD4, which modulates cellular HIF-1 α concentrations by promoting mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, has been proposed to exert its regulatory effect by affecting cellular oxygen availability. These reports are consistent with the hypothesis that mitochondria play a critical role in the regulation of HIF-1 α by controlling intracellular oxygen concentrations.
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HIF regulation by ROS is graded and redox-window-dependent, explaining how HIF signaling can be engaged under mild hypoxia or near-normoxic conditions in metabolically active or oncogenically transformed cells, rather than exhibiting a binary oxygen response.
“Importantly, this regulation is graded and redox-window–dependent, explaining how HIF signaling can be engaged under mild hypoxia or even near-normoxic conditions in metabolically active or oncogenically transformed cells, rather than exhibiting a binary oxygen response [[201], [202], [203], [204]].”
From HIF inhibition: Current strategies and clinical challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [201]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese ROS inhibit prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) activity, leading to HIF-α stabilization at oxygen levels well above anoxia.
“and that these ROS inhibit prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) activity, leading to HIF-α stabilization at oxygen levels well above anoxia.”
From HIF inhibition: Current strategies and clinical challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [201]
The Introduction describes ROS inhibition of PHD as a proposed hypothesis, then says the evidence puts that mechanism in doubt: peroxide had only minor effects on HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylation, and mitochondrial superoxide production did not correlate with HIF-1α stability. The paper therefore does not present ROS-driven PHD inhibition as the explanation for stabilization above anoxia. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredModerate reductions in oxygen tension increase mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation, particularly at respiratory complexes I and III.
“Subsequent studies revealed that moderate reductions in oxygen tension increase mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation, particularly at respiratory complexes I and III”
From HIF inhibition: Current strategies and clinical challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [201]
The Introduction (page not available in our copy) describes a hypothesis that hypoxia increases superoxide production at complex III, with possible conversion to hydrogen peroxide. It also says there is no consensus on whether hypoxia increases mitochondrial ROS overall and reports decreased superoxide flashes in mild hypoxia. It does not support the claim’s categorical increase or its specific inclusion of complex I. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMitochondrial ROS production is needed for HIF-1α stabilization even without fully functional oxidative phosphorylation.
“other studies indicate that mitochondrial reactive ROS production is needed for HIF-1α stabilization, even in the absence of fully functional oxidative phosphorylation [201,376].”
From HIF inhibition: Current strategies and clinical challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [201]
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- Authors
- Hagen, T.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Hagen, Thilo
- ORCID
- Hagen, Thilo
- Venue
- Biochemistry Research International
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-5
- ISSN
- 2090-2247 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-2255
- PMC
- PMC3474226
- OpenAlex
- W1967013639
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemistry Research International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
- Keywords
- hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, prolyl hydroxylase, HIF-1α stabilization, hypoxia, thioredoxin reductase, CHCHD4, mitochondrial electron transport chain, HIF-2α
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