The Qo site of the mitochondrial complex III is required for the transduction of hypoxic signaling via reactive oxygen species production
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Mammalian cells increase transcription of genes for adaptation to hypoxia through the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein. How cells transduce hypoxic signals to stabilize the HIF-1α protein remains unresolved. We demonstrate that cells deficient in the complex III subunit cytochrome b, which are respiratory incompetent, increase ROS levels and stabilize the HIF-1α protein during hypoxia. RNA interference of the complex III subunit Rieske iron sulfur protein in the cytochrome b–null cells and treatment of wild-type cells with stigmatellin abolished reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at the Qo site of complex III. These interventions maintained hydroxylation of HIF-1α protein and prevented stabilization of HIF-1α protein during hypoxia. Antioxidants maintained hydroxylation of HIF-1α protein and prevented stabilization of HIF-1α protein during hypoxia. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide under normoxia prevented hydroxylation of HIF-1α protein and stabilized HIF-1α protein. These results provide genetic and pharmacologic evidence that the Qo site of complex III is required for the transduction of hypoxic signal by releasing ROS to stabilize the HIF-1α protein.
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Mitochondria have been proposed to serve as a cellular oxygen sensor, such that in hypoxic conditions, mitochondrial ROS production by complex III leads to stabilization of HIF1α and downstream hypoxic adaptation.
“For example, mitochondria have been proposed to serve as a cellular oxygen sensor, such that in hypoxic conditions, mitochondrial ROS production by complex III leads to the stabilization of HIF1α and downstream hypoxic adaptation (84, 997).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
Mitochondria are a physiologically significant source of ROS with important implications in physiology, not only in cardiovascular disease but in many other conditions like aging.
“Mitochondria are a physiologically significant source of ROS with important implications in physiology, not only in cardiovascular disease but in many other conditions like aging (57, 84, 136, 165, 170, 290, 864, 997).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
Another method that depends on the interaction of O2•− and NO• is the formation of dityrosine from tyrosine by ONOO−.
“Another method that depends on the interaction of O2•− and NO• is the formation of dityrosine from tyrosine by ONOO− (29); Fig. 7 shows an example of the dynamic changes in dityrosine formation in intact hearts during a change in temperature and drug treatment.”
From Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in excitable cells: Modulators of mitochondrial and cell function (2009) · cites this paper as [29]
NO• is not ionized and so is much more membrane permeable and can compete for O2•− with SOD to produce the nonradical ONOO−, which protonates at a low pH to ONOOH, which is highly reactive to tissues.
“NO• is not ionized and so is much more membrane permeable and can compete for O2•− with SOD to produce the nonradical ONOO− (29), which protonates at a low pH to ONOOH, which is highly reactive to tissues.”
From Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in excitable cells: Modulators of mitochondrial and cell function (2009) · cites this paper as [29]
Genetic and pharmacologic interventions that limit ROS production at complex III inhibit the ability of cells to respond to acute hypoxia without limiting their ability to respond to interventions that mimic hypoxia.
“Genetic and pharmacologic interventions that limit ROS production at complex III inhibit the ability of cells to respond to acute hypoxia without limiting their ability to respond to interventions that mimic hypoxia (6, 10, 11, 21, 31).”
Cells expressing a mutant cytochrome b subunit are unable to consume oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation but are able to produce complex III-derived ROS and stabilize HIF during hypoxia.
“Thus, cells that express a mutant cytochrome b subunit are unable to consume oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation, but are able to produce complex III-derived ROS and stabilize HIF during hypoxia 20.”
From Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes (2010) · cites this paper as [20]
HIF stabilization afforded by mitochondrial ROS is a result of PHD inhibition.
“HIF stabilization afforded by mitochondrial ROS is a result of PHD inhibition”
From Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes (2010) · cites this paper as [20]
Genetic targeting of the complex III subunit Rieske iron-sulfur protein abolishes ROS formation during hypoxia, preventing activation of downstream signaling effectors.
“Thus, genetic targeting of the complex III subunit Rieske iron-sulfur protein, the protein required for electron transfer from ubiquiol, abolishes ROS formation during hypoxia, preventing the activation of downstream signaling effectors 17, 19, 20.”
From Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes (2010) · cites this paper as [20]
The ability of complex III to pump protons or to participate in oxidative phosphorylation is not required for ROS generation at this complex.
“Later work demonstrated that the ability of complex III to pump protons or to participate in oxidative phosphorylation is not required for ROS generation at this complex.”
From Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes (2010) · cites this paper as [20]
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Two phases of disulfide bond formation have differing requirements for oxygen
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- Authors
- Bell, E. L., Klimova, T. A., Eisenbart, J., Moraes, C. T., Murphy, M. P., Budinger, G. R. S., & Chandel, N. S.
- Affiliations
- 1Department of Medicine
- University of Miami (US)
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (GB)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eisenbart, James
- Venue
- The Journal of Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2007-06-11
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1029-1036
- ISSN
- 0021-9525 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-8140
- PMC
- PMC2064363
- OpenAlex
- W2020498032
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 12.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Journal of Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL071643)
- National Cancer Institute (CA123067-01, R01CA123067)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM60472-07, R01GM060472)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- mitochondrial complex III, Qo site, cytochrome b, Rieske iron-sulfur protein, hypoxia signaling, HIF-1α stabilization, reactive oxygen species, HIF-1α hydroxylation, stigmatellin, antioxidants, hydrogen peroxide, hypoxia-inducible factor
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electron Transport Complex III, Signal Transduction, Cell Hypoxia, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitochondrial Proteins, Cytochromes b, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
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