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Associations of Parental Influences with Physical Activity and Screen Time among Young Children: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Parents play a critical role in developing and shaping their children's physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours, particularly in the early years of life. The aim of this systematic review is to identify current literature investigating associations of parental influences with both PA and screen time in young children. This systematic review was conducted in November 2013 using 6 electronic databases covering research literature from January 1998 to November 2013. Thirty articles that met inclusion criteria were identified. These studies covered five important aspects of parenting: (1) parenting practices; (2) parents' role modelling; (3) parental perceptions of children's PA and screen viewing behaviours; (4) parental self-efficacy; and (5) general parenting style. Findings suggest that parents' encouragement and support can increase children's PA, and reducing parents' own screen time can lead to decreased child screen time. Improving parenting practices, parental self-efficacy or changing parenting style may also be promising approaches to increasing PA time and decreasing screen time of young children.
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“Moreover, parents should also moderate their own MTSD use, as their use can have an impact on adolescents’ technology use [23, 48].”
From “From the moment I wake up I will use it…every day, very hour”: a qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents’ mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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In the citing paper
“This is consistent with other studies which have indicated mediation of children’s technology use by parental rules or restrictions [25, 48].”
From “From the moment I wake up I will use it…every day, very hour”: a qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents’ mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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In the citing paper
“This is supported by other studies which have found that feelings of belonging, peer pressure [47], and frequent use of technology by parents were associated with increased technology use by children [23, 48].”
In the citing paper
“There is some evidence to suggest that when parents reduce their own sedentary behaviours (including screen time), their children may decrease their screen time.105”
From Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“All three reviews stated that parental encouragement and support can increase PA in children (58, 59), as well as reduce sedentary behaviour (57).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“another review found that a reduction in parental (sedentary) screen time can lead to decreased screen time in children (59).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Three systematic reviews were identified that deal specifically with interventions in the family and home setting (Table 3) (57–59).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
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BackgroundResultInfluential
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 55 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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- 2008, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5
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MethodLevel of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep in the early childhood population
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“However, such practices are reliant on parental self-efficacy to execute tasks with their child [116], as well as relying on children to have suitably agreeable and emotionally regulated temperaments that are conducive to learning [117].”
BackgroundFactors Associated With Screen Time Among Preschool Children in Lima, Peru
Yabiku‐Soto, K., Saavedra‐Garcia, L., Valencia, J. G., Hernández‐Vásquez, A., & Diez‐Canseco, F. (2024) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13330 · Cited by 3
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“Research examining family-based approaches to child PA has included observational studies investigating parental support for child PA in the home [10, 22, 26] and intervention studies designed to enhance such support through targeted strategies [27, 28].”
Puhl, R. M., Hassink, S. G., Lischka, J., Torbahn, G., Ring‐Dimitriou, S., Braet, C., Vlachopapadopoulou, E. A., Handjieva‐Darlenska, T., Vania, A., Łuszczki, E., et al. (2025) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.70052 · Cited by 3
“Parents and caregivers have crucial roles to play in shaping children's dietary habits [1], physical activity levels [2, 3], lifestyle behaviours [2] and in obesity treatment [4].”
Rajaa, S., Rehman, T., Surendran, G., Sulgante, S., & Thulasingam, M. (2020) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2020-0087 · Cited by 3
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Guseman, E. H., Sisson, S. B., Whipps, J., Howe, C. A., Byra, M. M., & Silver, L. E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113964 · Cited by 3
“, overall support, parental positive social control, and general PA encouragement) are associated with children’s habitual PA, but this may vary by child weight status [16,17].”
BackgroundResultExamining the Relationship Between Health Behaviors of Adults and Preschool Children
Nandi, N., Charles, D., Rivell, A., Gore, J. E., Kay, C. M., & Gazmararian, J. A. (2023) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-023-03665-w · Cited by 3
“Although some studies show an association between children and guardians’ PA and screen time, further research is needed (Xu et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHoy, S., Larsson, H., Kjellenberg, K., Nyberg, G., Ekblom, Ö., & Helgadóttir, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1236848 · Cited by 3
Song, H., Lau, W. C., Wang, J., Zhou, P., & Shi, L. (2024) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0142 · Cited by 3
Saiz-González, P., Coto-Lousas, J., Gallego, D. I., & Fernández‐Río, J. (2025) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2025.2463907 · Cited by 3
“…this meaning that they are not part of the one they are in. Key Points Parents’ negative experiences in PE influence their perceived importance of PA and PE (Cardinal et al., 2013; Ladwig et al., 2018), which, according to literature, influences their children’s perceptions (Xu et al., 2015).”
Pratte, G., Couture, M. M., Boisvert, M.-È., Clapperton, I., Bergeron, J., Roy, M.-A., Dion, É., & Camden, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082878 · Cited by 3
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“In general, a review by Xu et al. (2015) observed that parental behavior influences children ’ s physical activity and screen time.”
Background"Screen Time and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: The Role of Obesity"
Stabouli, S. (2022) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2022.45.007278 · Cited by 3
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“31,32 Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to assess the potential effect of decreased near work and increased outdoor activities initiated by myopia songs for school children.”
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“Previous research has suggested that excessive parental involvement in PA can sometimes lead to negative motivational outcomes, particularly if the encour-agement is perceived as pressure rather than genuine support [92,94,96].”
Fang, Y., Wang, Z. J., Chen, S., Wu, H., Cheung, D. H., Zhang, B. H., Liao, Q., Zheng, C., & Sun, F. (2025) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.70119 · Cited by 3
“This is consistently found in PA-related development (Mitchell et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2015).”
Obesity Heterogeneity by Neighborhood Context in a Largely Latinx Sample
Kranjac, A. W., Kranjac, D., Kain, Z. N., Ehwerhemuepha, L., & Jenkins, B. N. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01578-6 · Cited by 4
“Family-level, obesity-relevant factors include family physical activity, family mealtimes, food insecurity, and the income-to-need ratio [60–62].”
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“, unhealthy snacking) [6, 8], and physical activity [9].”
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Life Habits of Children and Young People during Social Isolation Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ćurković, N., Lukačin, L., & Katavić, I. (2021) · Drustvena istrazivanja · doi:10.5559/di.30.2.05 · Cited by 5
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Sedentary Behaviour and the Social and Physical Environment
Gorely, T., Tomaz, S. A., & Ryde, G. C. (2023) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41881-5_24 · Cited by 3
González, O. D.-J., Fan, J., Marc, I., Jiang, H., Hulst, A. V., Tugault-Lafleur, C. N., Wu, Y., Hao, Y., Wang, L., Hu, X.-Y., et al. (2025) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103493 · Cited by 3
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“Since parents’ perception of their children’s PA and SB was associated with several child health indicators [39, 40], it is crucial to understand when, how, what, and which PA intensities and domain-specific SBs accumulate during after-school and weekend periods.”
González, O. D.-J., Edache, I. Y., Tugault-Lafleur, C. N., & Mâsse, L. C. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103192 · Cited by 3
“…of these practices (e.g., encouragement, involvement, facilitation, modeling, co-participation, limit setting), supportive parenting is associated with higher activity levels (Gustafson and Rhodes, 2006; Trost and Loprinzi, 2011; Xu et al., 2015) and lower screen-time in youth (Xu et al., 2015).”
Wąsacz, M., Ochojska, D., Sarzyńska, I., Bartkowska, O., Stańczyk, S., Błajda, J., Frej, D., & Kopańska, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1618016 · Cited by 2
“In addition, many parents perceive childhood obesity as a sign of health, which is due to deeply rooted cultural norms, which can affect children’s inability to control their food intake (38, 39).”
van Ekris, E., Solomon-Moore, E., Chinapaw, M. J. M., Jago, R., & Altenburg, T. M. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15091817 · Cited by 2
“In line with our findings, systematic reviews generally indicate inconclusive evidence for associations between parenting factors and children’s SED, although conclusions of these systematic reviews are mainly based on studies examining TV viewing and screen time [11,12].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSchenkel, K., Radtke, T., Łuszczyńska, A., Lüscher, J., Kuliś, E., & Scholz, U. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.008 · Cited by 2
Greer, J., Thapa, K., McNulty, J., & Rajbhandari‐Thapa, J. (2021) · Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association · doi:10.20429/jgpha.2021.080303 · Cited by 2
“A child may modify their behavior through direct interventions from their parents, such as enforcement of rules or guided activities, or through broad interventions, by expressing their values and modelling behavior (Xu et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAndermo, S., Rydberg, H., & Norman, Å. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11537-7 · Cited by 2
“Additional, but less conclusive, evidence has been found regarding associations between parental encouragement and children’s physical activity [25].”
BackgroundInfluentialMarttinen, R. H. J., WILSON, K. S., Johnston, K. C., Fredrick, R. N., Battistella, S., Ives, S. T., & McAlister, K. L. (2021) · Collegium Antropologicum · doi:10.5671/ca.45.3.6 · Cited by 2
Ikefuna, A., Uwaezuoke, N. A., Eze, J., Eke, A. L., & Eke, C. (2022) · Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.4103/njcp.njcp_1706_21 · Cited by 2
Carretero-Bravo, J., Díaz-Rodríguez, M., Ferriz-Mas, B., Pérez-Muñoz, C., & González-Caballero, J. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11101365 · Cited by 2
“The review [43] analyzes the tools that check physical activity and screen time.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, H., Wen, L. M., & Rissel, C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Tongji University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Huilan
- Venue
- Journal of Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-23
- ISSN
- 2090-0708 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-0716
- PMC
- PMC4383435
- OpenAlex
- W2014373317
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- parental influence, physical activity, screen time, sedentary behavior, young children, parenting practices, parental role modeling, parental self-efficacy, parenting styles
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Television, Time Factors, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Parenting, Video Games, Sedentary Behavior, Pediatric Obesity
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