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Associations of Parental Influences with Physical Activity and Screen Time among Young Children: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Parents play a critical role in developing and shaping their children's physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours, particularly in the early years of life. The aim of this systematic review is to identify current literature investigating associations of parental influences with both PA and screen time in young children. This systematic review was conducted in November 2013 using 6 electronic databases covering research literature from January 1998 to November 2013. Thirty articles that met inclusion criteria were identified. These studies covered five important aspects of parenting: (1) parenting practices; (2) parents' role modelling; (3) parental perceptions of children's PA and screen viewing behaviours; (4) parental self-efficacy; and (5) general parenting style. Findings suggest that parents' encouragement and support can increase children's PA, and reducing parents' own screen time can lead to decreased child screen time. Improving parenting practices, parental self-efficacy or changing parenting style may also be promising approaches to increasing PA time and decreasing screen time of young children.
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“Moreover, parents should also moderate their own MTSD use, as their use can have an impact on adolescents’ technology use [23, 48].”
From “From the moment I wake up I will use it…every day, very hour”: a qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents’ mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with other studies which have indicated mediation of children’s technology use by parental rules or restrictions [25, 48].”
From “From the moment I wake up I will use it…every day, very hour”: a qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents’ mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is supported by other studies which have found that feelings of belonging, peer pressure [47], and frequent use of technology by parents were associated with increased technology use by children [23, 48].”
In the citing paper
“There is some evidence to suggest that when parents reduce their own sedentary behaviours (including screen time), their children may decrease their screen time.105”
From Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
In the citing paper
“All three reviews stated that parental encouragement and support can increase PA in children (58, 59), as well as reduce sedentary behaviour (57).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“another review found that a reduction in parental (sedentary) screen time can lead to decreased screen time in children (59).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Three systematic reviews were identified that deal specifically with interventions in the family and home setting (Table 3) (57–59).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
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BackgroundResultInfluential
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“A meta-analysis on the influence of parental self-efficacy on children’s screen media use highlights this relationship, particularly among children under 6 years old (Xu et al., 2015).”
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“There are most likely other factors, such as parental PA and SB [32] and education [33], that influence children’s PA more.”
BackgroundAssociation between mobile phone use in young children and caregiver-rated health
Kojimahara, N., Matsushita, M., & Sato, Y. (2021) · IOP SciNotes · doi:10.1088/2633-1357/abe6f1 · Cited by 2
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“[20] ebenfalls Belegedafür,dassdieelterlicheWahrnehmung des Gesundheitsverhaltens ihrer Kinder und elterliche Erziehungspraktiken (z.”
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Parenting Practices Are Associated With Out-of-School Physical Activity in US Adolescents in 2014
Hiya, F. E., Lamour, J.-P. M., Khan, A. T. M. A., Wood, R., Rodriguez, P., Castro, G., Ruíz, J. G., & Barengo, N. C. (2024) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2023-0314 · Cited by 1
The COVID-19 pandemic and children: Impact on physical activity
Єлізарова, О. Т., Hozak, S. V., Stankevych, T. V., Polka, N. S., Koblianska, A., Парац, А., & Івановська, О. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95648-2.00053-8 · Cited by 1
Maternal Beliefs about Screen Device Use Predict Preschool Children’s Screen Time
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“As predicted on the basis of previous studies (Laur-icella et al., 2015; Nevski & Siibak, 2016; Shalani et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2015), maternal beliefs were related to children ’ s screen time: The more harmful mothers considered the use of screen devices, the less time their child spent in front…”
The Use of Digital Technology by Parents from the Perspective of Children
Şimşek, E. E. (2025) · Turkish Academic Research Review - Türk Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi [TARR] · doi:10.30622/tarr.1603562 · Cited by 3
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“Resilient children also can maintain positive bonds with their family (Herrman et al., 2011); however, children who experience psychological rejection, a lack of parental support, and indifference are more likely to spend more time on media (Xu et al., 2015).”
Quality of life in youth with overweight and obesity in early childhood: a systematic review
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“Parents with high self-efficacy set rules and limits on when and how their children use electronics to guide them to engage in eye health behaviors [33].”
Houser, N., Erlandson, M. C., Ferguson, L. J., Hellsten, L., Stoddart, A., & Humbert, M. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0462 · Cited by 1
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Davey, R. J., Campbell, A., Beynon, A. M., Rasmussen, C. L., Hendry, D., Stearne, S., Harris, C. J., Straker, L. M., & Zabatiero, J. G. (2025) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/79851 · Cited by 1
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“Indeed, considering that a PBT diagnosis affects the entire family (Gerhardt et al., 2016) and that parental support is pivotal for children’s future PA behavior (Xu et al., 2015), there is a need to understand parental influence on PBT patients’ and survivors’ PA.”
Parental perceptions of preschooler screen time and physical activity in Chennai
Nandhini, S., Abishek, J. R., Kanniappan, V., & Suresh, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25527-6 · Cited by 1
“These studies also indicate that parental modelling of parents’ own screen habits and tech use in the household pow-erfully influences children’s screen use, validating our theme regarding the impact of the home environment and parental attitudes [7, 25].”
Tan, S. Y. X., Edney, S. M., Padmapriya, N., Tan, S. L., Chong, Y. S., Tan, K. H., Yap, F., Godfrey, K., Lee, Y. S., Eriksson, J. G., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-105140 · Cited by 1
“Our study is the first to examine trends across the 24-hour movement continuum from preschool to adolescence among multiethnic children in the less-studied Asian”
Thompson, D. A., Grau, L., Schmiege, S. J., Cabrera, N., Clark, L., Ringwood, H., Valdes, E. M., Jimenez-Zambrano, A. M., Gorman, C., Babiak, M., et al. (2026) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/76873 · Cited by 1
“Parents, as the most proximal influence on young children, play an important role in shaping their toddlers’ screen use [18].”
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“To může být zapříčiněno podporou rodičů a jejich modelovým chováním, kdy dochází ke zvýšení PA aktivity u dětí v případě zvýšení PA rodiče (Pyper et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2015).”
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(2022) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839458464 · Cited by 1
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“Previous studies had shown that parents’ diet quality and energy intake, physical activities, and the duration of screen activities were associated with those behaviors of their offspring (11, 12).”
BackgroundRojo-Ramos, J., Castillo-Paredes, A., Mendoza-Muñoz, M., Adsuar, J. C., Polo-Campos, I., Gómez-Paniagua, S., & Galán-Arroyo, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065093 · Cited by 1
“has been found to be positively associated with child PA [36].”
BackgroundRelated-factors of social support for students’ physical activity in a network perspective
Silva, N. S., Mello, J. B., Bandeira, P. F. R., Mota, J. A. P. S., Gaya, A. C. A., & Gaya, A. R. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.28e0297 · Cited by 1
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“The importance parents assign to PA practice can be used as an indicator of their children ’ s level of PA participation (Xu et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialAdolescent obesity and mental health: Narrative review of modulation factors
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“As has been seen in previous research (Jago et al., 2013; Lauricella et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2015), parents noted the influence of their own technology use on their children’s play, as their children imitated their virtual work.”
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“Extensive research has demonstrated that parents play a pivotal role in shaping their children's health behaviors, serving as the primary facilitators in establishing healthy lifestyles (Kader et al., 2015; Su et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2015).”
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Pizzo, A., Drobinin, V., Sandstrom, A., Zwicker, A., Vallis, E. H., Fine, A., Rempel, S., Stephens, M., Howard, C., Villars, K., et al. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112709 · Cited by 1
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Guerra, P. H., Filho, A. N. S., Hardman, C. M., Martins, C., Queiroz, D. D. R., Silva, L. R., Sandreschi, P. F., Júnior, R. D. S. W., Umpierre, D., & de Barros, M. V. G. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.26e0228 · Cited by 1
Sharma, B., Shrestha, N., Gurung, N., Tiwari, B. R., Koirala, S., & Wagle, S. (2022) · Journal of Chitwan Medical College · doi:10.54530/jcmc.709 · Cited by 1
Koivusilta, L. K., Alanne, S., Kamila, M., & Ståhl, T. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13658-z · Cited by 2
“Children’s eating habits are influenced by the type of food available at their homes [21] and their PA depends on parental support [22].”
BackgroundYazeedi, B. M. A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/ttc7-n970 · Cited by 1
Fuller, A. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.205814 · Cited by 1
Perceptions des parents au regard de l’usage des écrans de leur enfant âgé de 0 à 5 ans
Bergeron-Gaudin, M.-È. (2025) · doi:10.64490/kznd6050 · Cited by 1
Moroni, M. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
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Warner, T. C. (2019) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · doi:10.54337/aau306521944
Tami, S. H., & Reed, D. B. (2020) · International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition · doi:10.6000/1929-4247.2020.09.02.3
“This is consistent with other studies that reported parental barriers to support an increase in children’s physical activity [26, 40, 41].”
BackgroundResultUtilização dos aparelhos digitais em crianças com idade entre os 12 meses e os 5 anos
de Família, M., Parente, N., Costa, A. E., de Família, M., Matos, A. P., de Família, M., Duarte, C. B., de Família, M., Freitas, C., de Família, M., et al. (2020) · Revista Portuguesa de Clínica Geral · doi:10.32385/rpmgf.v36i6.12706
Physical education pedagogies and physical activity in primary school children
Crotti, M. (2021) · Liverpool John Moores University
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Gesundheitsbezogene Ziele der digitalen Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung in Familien
Meixner, C., Baumann, H., & Wollesen, B. (2022) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/a-1860-0911
Blodgett, J. M., Norris, T., Stamatakis, E. A., O’Donovan, G., Pereira, S. M. P., & Hamer, M. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2022-219213
Bewegung, Spiel und Sport im Kindesalter
Schwier, J., & Seyda, M. (2022) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839458464-002
Promoting Motor Development in Children in the COVID-19 era: Science and Applications
Fumagalli, G. G., Getchell, N., Sääkslahti, A., & Tortella, P. (2022) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-83250-420-8 · Cited by 1
Bewegt vom Kindergarten in die Primarschule
Gramespacher, E., & Adler, K. (2022) · Pädagogik · doi:10.14361/9783839458464-005
Ku, B. (2023) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2023.2212604
“This phenomenon is supported by a systematic review including 30 articles, suggesting that when parents of children without disabilities encourage their young child’s PA behaviours, their child is more likely to participate in PA (Xu, Wen, & Rissel, 2015).”
Prevalence and determinants of obesity among school going adolescents: A systematic review
Mangrola, N. Y., Patel, K., Patel, P. K., Chauhan, D., & Patel, N. (2023) · Journal of Medical and Scientific Research · doi:10.17727/jmsr.2023/11-26
Özüdoğru, A., Yurdalan, U., & Ekici, G. (2023) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SPORT (TJHS) · doi:10.29228/tjhealthsport.67918
APTIDÃO FÍSICA, SAÚDE MENTAL E NUTRIÇÃO NO ADOLESCENTE
da Silva, L. P., Lima, G. D. S. O., Noleto, D. C. D. S., & do Nascimento, M. A. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.3512328097
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“Sofern zwischen verschiedenen Arten des elterlichen Un-terstützungsverhaltens unterschieden wird, sind die Ergebnisse uneinheitlich (z. B. Beets et al., 2010; Gustafson & Rhodes, 2006; Xu et al., 2015; Yao & Rhodes, 2015).”
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“…and practices of ECEC teachers (e.g. modelling, positive reinforcement) (Arts et al., 2023; Mazarello Paes et al., 2015; Scaglioni et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2015), and the availability of portable play equipment and fruits and vegetables (Kristiansen et al., 2017; Terrón-Pérez et al., 2021).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, H., Wen, L. M., & Rissel, C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Tongji University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Huilan
- Venue
- Journal of Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-23
- ISSN
- 2090-0708 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-0716
- PMC
- PMC4383435
- OpenAlex
- W2014373317
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- parental influence, physical activity, screen time, sedentary behavior, young children, parenting practices, parental role modeling, parental self-efficacy, parenting styles
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Television, Time Factors, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Parenting, Video Games, Sedentary Behavior, Pediatric Obesity
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