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Associations of Parental Influences with Physical Activity and Screen Time among Young Children: A Systematic Review
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Parents play a critical role in developing and shaping their children's physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours, particularly in the early years of life. The aim of this systematic review is to identify current literature investigating associations of parental influences with both PA and screen time in young children. This systematic review was conducted in November 2013 using 6 electronic databases covering research literature from January 1998 to November 2013. Thirty articles that met inclusion criteria were identified. These studies covered five important aspects of parenting: (1) parenting practices; (2) parents' role modelling; (3) parental perceptions of children's PA and screen viewing behaviours; (4) parental self-efficacy; and (5) general parenting style. Findings suggest that parents' encouragement and support can increase children's PA, and reducing parents' own screen time can lead to decreased child screen time. Improving parenting practices, parental self-efficacy or changing parenting style may also be promising approaches to increasing PA time and decreasing screen time of young children.
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“Moreover, parents should also moderate their own MTSD use, as their use can have an impact on adolescents’ technology use [23, 48].”
From “From the moment I wake up I will use it…every day, very hour”: a qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents’ mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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“This is consistent with other studies which have indicated mediation of children’s technology use by parental rules or restrictions [25, 48].”
From “From the moment I wake up I will use it…every day, very hour”: a qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents’ mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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“This is supported by other studies which have found that feelings of belonging, peer pressure [47], and frequent use of technology by parents were associated with increased technology use by children [23, 48].”
In the citing paper
“There is some evidence to suggest that when parents reduce their own sedentary behaviours (including screen time), their children may decrease their screen time.105”
From Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) (2020) · cites this paper as [105]
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“All three reviews stated that parental encouragement and support can increase PA in children (58, 59), as well as reduce sedentary behaviour (57).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“another review found that a reduction in parental (sedentary) screen time can lead to decreased screen time in children (59).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“Three systematic reviews were identified that deal specifically with interventions in the family and home setting (Table 3) (57–59).”
From How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
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“Referring to this model and previous systematic reviews [39,40] a classification of parental correlates in six different categories was conducted: (1) socio-demographic and biological correlates (e.”
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“Xu, Wen & Rissel [3] conducted a review about associations of parental influences with children’s physical activity and screen time, and found that parental encouragement and support increase children’s physical activity.”
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“In addition to the socio-economic status of parents, children’s PA and physical fitness might also be affected by parental role modelling [7,8].”
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“, having the confidence to say “No” when children ask for screen time [20].”
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“…were chosen as covariates based on previous studies showing that child behaviors vary by age (Carson et al., 2014a), and parental education (Carson and Janssen, 2012; Wijtzes et al., 2012), and are likely to be associated with their parents' behaviors (Xu et al., 2015; Carson and Janssen, 2012).”
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“Previous research has shown parental rules and restrictions are associated with children’s screen time [35], and this is also evident during lockdown restrictions [15,36].”
BackgroundFamily-based obesity prevention for infants: Design of the “Mothers & Others” randomized trial
Wasser, H., Thompson, A. L., Suchindran, C., Hodges, E. A., Goldman, B. D., Perrin, E. M., Faith, M. S., Bulik, C. M., Heinig, M. J., & Bentley, M. E. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.06.002 · Cited by 35
Prenatal Diet and Child Growth at 18 Months
Dodd, J. M., Louise, J., Deussen, A. R., McPhee, A. J., Owens, J. A., & Robinson, J. S. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0035 · Cited by 32
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Self-citationLindsay, A. C., Wasserman, M., Muñoz, M. A., Wallington, S. F., & Greaney, M. L. (2018) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/publichealth.8159 · Cited by 32
“Given the low prevalence rates of PA and high rates of SB among Latino children [46] and the increasing evidence linking parenting styles and practices to children’s PA and SB [17,23,27,31,32], the objectives of this integrative review were to: (1) evaluate existing research examining the associations between parentin…”
Social correlates of sedentary behavior in young people: The UP&DOWN study
Cabanas‐Sánchez, V., García‐Cervantes, L., Esteban‐Gonzalo, L., Girela‐Rejón, M. J., Castro‐Piñero, J., & Veiga, Ó. L. (2019) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.03.005 · Cited by 31
“A recent systematic review consistently revealed that parents’ own TV time is positively associated with their child’s screen time.(7) Our findings support this statement, in that the TV time of parents was positively related with youths’ screen-based SB and TV time both in boys and girls.”
BackgroundResultKu, B., MacDonald, M., Hatfield, B. E., & Gunter, K. B. (2020) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.2019-0120 · Cited by 32
Lee, S., Kim, S., Suh, S. A., Han, H., Jung, J., Yang, S.-J., & Shin, Y. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12559-5 · Cited by 31
“The parenting style of primary caregivers can affect children’s screen time in various aspects, including parenting practices, role modeling, parental perceptions of children’s screen viewing behaviors, parental self-efficacy, and general parenting style [20].”
BackgroundThe transmission of psychological distress and lifestyles from parents to children during COVID-19
Zhang, Y., Zhan, N., Zou, J., Xie, D., Liu, M., & Geng, F. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.007 · Cited by 31
Parekh, N., Henriksson, P., Nyström, C. D., Silfvernagel, K., Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Pomeroy, J. J., & Löf, M. (2017) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198117714019 · Cited by 29
“…and consumption of fruits and vegetables (Campbell et al., 2010; Ice et al., 2014; Koh et al., 2014; Willis et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2015; Xu, Wen, Rissel, Flood, & Baur, 2013), it is noteworthy that none of these studies assessed body composition in the children;…”
BackgroundResultTuominen, P. P. A., Husu, P., Raitanen, J. A., Kujala, U. M., & Luoto, R. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183317 · Cited by 30
“(2014) reported that parent’s support for PA can increase their children’s PA, and the parent acting as a role model by watching less TV can lead to the decreased screen time of their children [25].”
Pyne, B., Asmara, O. J., & Morawska, A. (2025) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00523-9 · Cited by 45
“These findings are consistent with previous reviews (De Craemer et al., 2012; Duch et al., 2013; Kaur et al., 2019; Veldman et al., 2023; Xu et al., 2015), confirming the important role that parents play in modelling healthy screen use behaviours to their children.”
InfluentialRisk Factors for Obesity Among Children Aged 24 to 80 months in Korea: A Decision Tree Analysis
Lee, I.-S., Bang, K., Moon, H., & Kim, J. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2019.02.004 · Cited by 28
Cartanyà‐Hueso, À., González‐Marrón, A., Lidón‐Moyano, C., Garcia, E., Martín‐Sánchez, J. C., & Martínez-Sánchez, J. M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9020228 · Cited by 28
Lewis, L., Povey, R., Rose, S., Cowap, L., Semper, H., Carey, A., Bishop, J., & Clark-Carter, D. (2021) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101429 · Cited by 29
“Higher parental screen use, lower parental self-efficacy to reduce screen time and parental perceptions that screen time is helpful are all associated with increased screen time in young children (De Craemer et al., 2012; Duch and Harrington, 2013; Xu et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultCrotti, M., Rudd, J. R., Roberts, S. J., Boddy, L. M., Davies, K. F., O’Callaghan, L., Utesch, T., & Foweather, L. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8010049 · Cited by 35
“Possible explanations for a lack of an intervention effect could be the short duration of the intervention, the low autonomy of children in this age group over their spare time [100,101] and the lack of actions to target barriers to PA engagement [97].”
BackgroundVaughn, A., Bartlett, R., Luecking, C. T., Hennink-Kaminski, H. J., & Ward, D. S. (2018) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/iby082 · Cited by 27
Rhodes, R. E., Quinlan, A., Naylor, P., Warburton, D. E. R., & Blanchard, C. M. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00116-2 · Cited by 26
Nally, S., Ridgers, N. D., Gallagher, A. M., MURPHY, M. H., Salmon, J., & Carlin, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.789259 · Cited by 30
Li, X., Kearney, P. M., Keane, E., Harrington, J. M., & Fitzgerald, T. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2016-207691 · Cited by 28
Bays, H. E., Golden, A., & Tondt, J. (2022) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100034 · Cited by 34
Zhang, Y., Peralta, A. R., Brazys, P. A., Hurtado, G. A., Larson, N., & Reicks, M. M. (2019) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198119878769 · Cited by 25
Parent-child health- and weight-focused conversations: Who is saying what and to whom?
Winkler, M. R., Berge, J. M., Larson, N., Loth, K. A., Wall, M. M., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.03.023 · Cited by 25
Latomme, J., Stappen, V. V., Cardon, G., Morgan, P. J., Lateva, M. P., Chakarova, N. Y., Kivelä, J., Lindström, J., Androutsos, O., González‐Gil, E. M., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15112599 · Cited by 25
“It is widely accepted that parents play a key role in establishing healthy behaviours in their children [21], including screen time behaviours, and research has shown that parental factors, such as parental support and involvement, increases the effectiveness of interventions targeting screen time in children [22,23].”
BackgroundMeerits, P.-R., Tilga, H., & Koka, A. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16528-4 · Cited by 28
ACTIVE COMMUTING TO SCHOOL AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Pinto, A. D. A., Claumann, G. S., de Angelo, H. C. C., Menezes, E. C., Dias, D. T., & Pelegrini, A. (2017) · journal of physical education · doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v28i1.2859 · Cited by 24
Stea, T. H., Haugen, T., Berntsen, S., Guttormsen, V., Øverby, N. C., Haraldstad, K., Meland, E., & Abildsnes, E. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3766-6 · Cited by 24
“Another systematic review reported that a reduction in screen time among parents may contribute to reducing screen time of their child and that parents’ encouragement and support may contribute to increasing their child’s PA [42].”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Role of Fathers in Children’s Physical Activity: A Qualitative Study
Neshteruk, C. D., Jones, D. J., Skinner, A. C., Ammerman, A. S., Tate, D. F., & Ward, D. S. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2019-0386 · Cited by 23
Lu, C., Shen, T., Huang, G., & Corpeleijn, E. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.010 · Cited by 23
“A systematic review found that reducing the parents’ own screen time could lead to a decrease in the children’s screen time.(58) A study in Finland examined parental educational levels and preschoolers’ screen time and found that parental role models, attitudes, and norms were important mediators of preschoolers’ scre…”
BackgroundLifestyle Screening Tools for Children in the Community Setting: A Systematic Review
Krijger, A., ter Borg, S., Elstgeest, L. E. M., van Rossum, C. T. M., Verkaik-Kloosterman, J., Steenbergen, E., Raat, H., & Joosten, K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142899 · Cited by 23
“Psychological factors, such as parental attitudes towards healthy eating and self-efficacy to adhere to recommendations, are important [73].”
BackgroundWas sind die Einflussfaktoren kindlicher Adipositas?
Zeiher, J., Varnaccia, G., Jordan, S., & Lange, C. (2016) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-016-2441-5 · Cited by 22
“Ihr Verhalten, beispielsweise durch eine nur moderate Nutzung elektronischer Medien, eine ausgewogene Ernährung oder durch regelmäßige sportliche Aktivität, kannsichpositiv aufdasBewegungs-und Ernährungsverhalten ihrer Kinder auswirken und so der Entstehung von Adipositas entgegenwirken [64, 89, 90].”
BackgroundChildren at Risk of Specific Learning Disorder: A Study on Prevalence and Risk Factors
Bozatlı, L., Aykutlu, H. C., Giray, A. S., Ataş, T., Özkan, Ç., Yıldırım, B. G., & Görker, I. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11070759 · Cited by 34
“In light of these findings, it has been reported that improving parental self-efficacy or changing parenting styles may be beneficial in increasing young children’s physical activity and reducing screen time [43].”
BackgroundNiermann, C. Y. N., Wagner, P., Ziegeldorf, A., & Wulff, H. (2020) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2020.1773901 · Cited by 22
“Systematic reviews have provided evidence for the association between parenting practices and physical activity (Sleddens et al., 2012; Trost et al., 2013; Verloigne et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2015), although the effect of some parenting practices is less clear.”
BackgroundHuo, J., Kuang, X., Xi, Y., Xiang, C., Yong, C., Liang, J., Zou, H., & Lin, Q. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14194086 · Cited by 22
“Welleducated primary caregivers can gain more knowledge about parenting and the dangers of screen time exposure; hence, they would set limits on screen time, resulting in better screen time management for preschoolers [50].”
BackgroundThe Current and Future Landscape of the Childhood Myopia Epidemic in China—A Review
Pan, W., & Lan, W. (2024) · Ophthalmology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40123-024-00887-1 · Cited by 22
Matarma, T., Tammelin, T., Kulmala, J., Koski, P., Hurme, S. A. M., & Lagström, H. (2016) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2016.1193016 · Cited by 22
Engaging Fathers in the Promotion of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors
Arlinghaus, K. R., & Johnston, C. A. (2017) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827617690724 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, H., Wen, L. M., & Rissel, C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Tongji University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Huilan
- Venue
- Journal of Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-23
- ISSN
- 2090-0708 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-0716
- PMC
- PMC4383435
- OpenAlex
- W2014373317
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- parental influence, physical activity, screen time, sedentary behavior, young children, parenting practices, parental role modeling, parental self-efficacy, parenting styles
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Television, Time Factors, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Parenting, Video Games, Sedentary Behavior, Pediatric Obesity
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