The DOI matches its Crossref record; 209 of the 209 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
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“In turn, the appearance of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, IL-4 or IL-13, promotes the M2 phenotype, which is coordinated by the STAT-6 transcription factor [192,193,194].”
From MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rőszer, T.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rőszer, Tamás
- ORCID
- Rőszer, Tamás
- Venue
- Mediators of Inflammation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 2015
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 816460-816460
- ISSN
- 0962-9351 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-1861
- PMC
- PMC4452191
- OpenAlex
- W1518095394
- Cited by
- 1,762
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 214 · 2021: 215 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 10.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mediators of Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Universität Ulm
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- M2 macrophages, scavenger receptors, tissue microenvironment, tissue homeostasis, hormone signaling
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Neurosecretory Systems
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