Assessment of Patellar Tendon Reflex Responses Using Second-Order System Characteristics
Open accessAbstract
Deep tendon reflex tests, such as the patellar tendon reflex (PTR), are widely accepted as simple examinations for detecting neurological disorders. Despite common acceptance, the grading scales remain subjective, creating an opportunity for quantitative measures to improve the reliability and efficacy of these tests. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of quantified measurement variables; however, little work has been done to correlate experimental data with theoretical models using entire PTR responses. In the present study, it is hypothesized that PTR responses may be described by the exponential decay rate and damped natural frequency of a theoretical second-order system. Kinematic data was recorded from both knees of 45 subjects using a motion capture system and correlation analysis found that the meanR2value was 0.99. Exponential decay rate and damped natural frequency ranges determined from the sample population were −5.61 to −1.42 and 11.73 rad/s to 14.96 rad/s, respectively. This study confirmed that PTR responses strongly correlate to a second-order system and that exponential decay rate and undamped natural frequency are novel measurement variables to accurately measure PTR responses. Therefore, further investigation of these measurement variables and their usefulness in grading PTR responses is warranted.
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A motion capture system was used to demonstrate the knee angle increase dependent on the tapping force in healthy participants and its usability for cerebral palsy patients.
“A motion capture system was also used to demonstrate the knee angle increase dependent on the tapping force in healthy participants15,16 and its usability for cerebral palsy patients31.”
From Quantification of patellar tendon reflex using portable mechanomyography and electromyography devices (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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Manschot, S., van Passel, L., Buskens, E., Algra, A., & van Gijn, J. (1998) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.64.2.253 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite the common use and simplicity of DTR tests, however, clinical assessments of DTR responses remain subjective and qualitative [1, 6].”
BackgroundTendon reflex variability and method of stimulation
Stam, J., & Tan, K. M. (1987) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(87)90010-1 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A buck reflex hammer was used to manually elicit responses by tapping the patellar tendon which has been shown to produce similar responses as more complicated instrumental stimulators [11].”
MethodKinematic quantitation of the patellar tendon reflex using a tri-axial accelerometer
Mamizuka, N., Sakane, M., Kaneoka, K., Hori, N., & Ochiai, N. (2007) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.10.003 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite the common use and simplicity of DTR tests, however, clinical assessments of DTR responses remain subjective and qualitative [1, 6].”
BackgroundThe Validity and Reliability of Motion Analysis in Patellar Tendon Reflex Assessment
Tham, L. K., Abu Osman, N. A., Wan Abas, W. A. B., & Lim, K. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055702 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Deep tendon reflexes: A study of quantitative methods
Marshall, G. L., & Little, J. W. (2002) · The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2002.11753608 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, detection of depressed and hyperactive responses using DTR tests suggests possible peripheral and central nervous system compromise, respectively [5].”
BackgroundThe accuracy of subjective clinical assessments of the patellar reflex
Dafkin, C., Green, A., Kerr, S., Veliotes, D., & Mckinon, W. (2013) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23487 · Cited by 22 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Though some studies have evaluated the subjective assessment and concluded strong correlations with biomechanical and electromyographicmeasures, other studies have demonstrated low interrater reliability when assessing DTR responses [7, 8].”
MethodResultInfluentialCharacterisation of the patellar tendon reflex in cerebral palsy children using motion analysis
O’Sullivan, R., Kiernan, D., Walsh, M., O’Brien, T., & Elhassan, Y. (2016) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-015-1369-3 · Cited by 8 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Measurements of angular velocity and acceleration, reflex latency, and movement latency have also been used to quantify PTR responses [7, 10].”
MethodMotion Analysis of Normal Patellar Tendon Reflex
Tham, L. K., Osman, N. A. A., Abas, W. A. B. W., & Lim, K. S. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100015985 · Cited by 4 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The tapping location for the patellar tendon was found to elicit the greatest reflex response, as described previously [3, 4].”
Method(2007) · Physical Therapy Korea · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clinical availability of the deep tendon reflex test using a novel apparatus in healthy subjects
Kim, Y.-W. (2015) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.27.317 · Cited by 2 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The most common variables used to evaluate PTR responses are the first knee extension angle (FKEA) and the tendon reflex amplitude [7, 9] which have both demonstrated to correlate well with subjective ratings of the NINDS and Mayo scales [7].”
[Physical diagnostics--tendon reflexes].
Stam, J. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Tsuji, H., Misawa, H., Takigawa, T., Tetsunaga, T., Yamane, K., Oda, Y., & Ozaki, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81874-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Classification and Assessment of the Patelar Reflex Response through Biomechanical Measures
Salazar-Muñoz, Y., López-Pérez, G. A., García-Caballero, B. E., Muñoz-Rios, R., Ruano-Calderón, L. A., & Trujillo, L. (2019) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2019/1614963 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kareem, S. K., Dilara, K., Maruthy, K. N., Johnson, P., & Kumar, A. V. S. (2021) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100881 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kareem, S., Dilara, K., Maruthy, K. N., Johnson, P., & Kumar, A. V. S. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Steineman, B. D., Karra, P., & Park, K.
- Affiliations
- Trine University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Kiwon
- Venue
- Applied Bionics and Biomechanics
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 2016
- Pages
- 1-4
- ISSN
- 1176-2322 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-2103
- PMC
- PMC4769732
- OpenAlex
- W2283837001
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied Bionics and Biomechanics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Peripheral Nerve Disorders
- Keywords
- patellar reflex, deep tendon reflexes, second-order systems, exponential decay rate, damped natural frequency, undamped natural frequency, knee kinematics, neurological disorder detection
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