Body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and endometrial cancer risk: A meta-analysis
Published version of a preprint
Abstract
Background: Body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for endometrial cancer. We quantified the risk and investigated whether the association differed by use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), menopausal status, and histologic type. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (1966 to December 2009) to identify prospective studies of BMI and incident endometrial cancer. We did random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regressions, and generalized least square regressions for trend estimations assuming linear, and piecewise linear, relationships. Results: Twenty-four studies (17,710 cases) were analyzed; 9 studies contributed to analyses by HRT, menopausal status, or histologic type, all published since 2003. In the linear model, the overall risk ratio (RR) per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was 1.60 (95% CI, 1.52–1.68), P < 0.0001. In the piecewise model, RRs compared with a normal BMI were 1.22 (1.19–1.24), 2.09 (1.94–2.26), 4.36 (3.75–5.10), and 9.11 (7.26–11.51) for BMIs of 27, 32, 37, and 42 kg/m2, respectively. The association was stronger in never HRT users than in ever users: RRs were 1.90 (1.57–2.31) and 1.18 (95% CI, 1.06–1.31) with P for interaction = 0.003. In the piecewise model, the RR in never users was 20.70 (8.28–51.84) at BMI 42 kg/m2, compared with never users at normal BMI. The association was not affected by menopausal status (P = 0.34) or histologic type (P = 0.26). Conclusions: HRT use modifies the BMI-endometrial cancer risk association. Impact: These findings support the hypothesis that hyperestrogenia is an important mechanism underlying the BMI-endometrial cancer association, whilst the presence of residual risk in HRT users points to the role of additional systems. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(12); 3119–30. ©2010 AACR.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Established risk factors for endometrial cancer include obesity and premalignant lesions associated with endometrial hyperplasia, with oestrogen exposure considered a key driver of both endometrial hyperplasia and Type I endometrial cancer, which make up 75% of endometrial cancer cases.
“Established risk factors for development of EC include obesity and the presence of premalignant lesions associated with endometrial hyperplasia [75,76], with oestrogen exposure considered a key driver of both endometrial hyperplasia and Type I EC that make up 75% of EC cases [76].”
From Endometrial Intracrinology: Oestrogens, Androgens and Endometrial Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [75]
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
Self-citationOverweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., & Thun, M. J. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021423 · Cited by 7,696 · see citing works
Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective
Marmot, M. G., Atinmo, T., Byers, T., Chen, J., Hirohata, T., Jackson, A., James, W., Kolonel, L. N., Kumanyika, S., Leitzmann, C., et al. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-5024 · Cited by 5,365 · see citing works
Renehan, A. G., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Heller, R. F., & Zwahlen, M. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60269-x · Cited by 5,219 · see citing works
Self-citationOverweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms
Calle, E. E., & Kaaks, R. (2004) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1408 · Cited by 3,613 · see citing works
How should meta‐regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?
Thompson, S. G., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1187 · Cited by 3,026 · see citing works
Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma
Bokhman, J. V. (1983) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/0090-8258(83)90111-7 · Cited by 2,508 · see citing works
Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis.
Youkeles, L., & Schlesselman, J. J. (1983) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288156 · Cited by 2,358 · see citing works
Amant, F. C., Moerman, P., Neven, P., Timmerman, D., Limbergen, E. V., & Vergote, I. B. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67063-8 · Cited by 1,639 · see citing works
Reeves, G. K., Pirie, K., Beral, V., Green, J., Spencer, E., & Bull, D. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39367.495995.ae · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Generalized Least Squares for Trend Estimation of Summarized Dose–response Data
Orsini, N., Bellocco, R., & Greenland, S. (2006) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0600600103 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)
Toporcov, T. N., & Filho, V. W. (2018) · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women
Endogenous Hormones Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2003) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djg022 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review.
Kaaks, R., Lukanova, A., & Kurzer, M. S. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
<i>Meta-analysis</i> Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies
Egger, M., Schneider, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Age on Validity of Self-Reported Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index
KUCZMARSKI, M. F., KUCZMARSKI, R. J., & NAJJAR, M. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00008-6 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: A meta-analysis
Grady, D., Gebretsadik, T. S., Kerlikowske, K. M., Ernster, V. L., & Petitti, D. B. (1995) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0029-7844(94)00383-o · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study
Beral, V. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60534-0 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Overweight, obesity, and cancer risk
Bianchini, F., Kaaks, R., & Vainio, H. (2002) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(02)00849-5 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment · doi:10.1002/9780470061596.risk0599 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Endometrial cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study
Beral, V., Bull, D., & REEVES, G. K. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66455-0 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Endometrial Histology in Postmenopausal Women
Judd, H. L. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530290040035 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden)
Wolk, A., Gridley, G., Svensson, M., Nyrén, O., McLaughlin, J. K., Fraumeni, J. F., & Adami, H.-O. (2001) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008995217664 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Simmonds, M. C., Higgins, J. P. T., Stewart, L. A., Tierney, J. F., Clarke, M. J., & Thompson, S. G. (2005) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1191/1740774505cn087oa · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Theories of Endometrial Carcinogenesis: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Sherman, M. E. (2000) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880051 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Schiff, R., Massarweh, S. A., Shou, J., Bharwani, L. D., Mohsin, S. K., & Osborne, C. K. (2004) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-031212 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Obesity and cancer risk: a danish record-linkage study
Møller, H., Mellemgaard, A., Lindvig, K., & Olsen, J. H. (1994) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/0959-8049(94)90254-2 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Beresford, S. A. A., Weiss, N. S., Voigt, L. F., & McKnight, B. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07365-5 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Jensen, J., Christiansen, C., & Rødbro, P. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198510173131602 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Tamoxifen Therapy for Breast Cancer and Endometrial Cancer Risk
Bernstein, L., Deapen, D., Cerhan, J. R., Schwartz, S. M., Liff, J. M., McGann-Maloney, E., Perlman, J. A., & Ford, L. G. (1999) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/91.19.1654 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Obesity and incidence of cancer: a large cohort study of over 145 000 adults in Austria
Rapp, K., Schroeder, J. C., Klenk, J., Stoehr, S., Ulmer, H., Concin, H., Diem, G., Oberaigner, W., & Weiland, S. K. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602819 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Incident cancer burden attributable to excess body mass index in 30 European countries
Renehan, A. G., Soerjomataram, I., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Zwahlen, M., Coebergh, J. W. W., & Buchan, I. E. (2009) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.24803 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationSchouten, L. J., Goldbohm, R. A., & van den Brandt, P. A. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh291 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Risk factors for malignant diseases: a cohort study on a population of 22,946 Icelanders.
Tulinius, H., Sigfússon, N., Sigvaldason, H., Bjarnadóttir, K., & Tryggvadóttír, L. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Association between adiponectin, insulin resistance, and endometrial cancer
Soliman, P. T., Wu, D. Y., Tortolero‐Luna, G., Schmeler, K. M., Slomovitz, B. M., Bray, M. S., Gershenson, D. M., & Lu, K. H. (2006) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.21866 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Furberg, A., & Thune, I. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.10974 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Obesity and risk of cancer in Japan
Kuriyama, S., Tsubono, Y., Hozawa, A., Shimazu, T., Suzuki, Y., Koizumi, Y., Suzuki, Y., Ohmori, K., Nishino, Y., & Tsuji, I. (2004) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.20529 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Plasma Adiponectin Levels and Endometrial Cancer Risk in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
Cust, A. E., Kaaks, R., Friedenreich, C. M., Bonnet, F., Laville, M., Lukanova, A., Rinaldi, S., Dossus, L., Slimani, N., Lundin, E., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1371 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Riley, R. D., Simmonds, M. C., & Look, M. P. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.09.009 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Hormonal interactions in endometrial cancer.
Emons, G., Fleckenstein, G., Hinney, B., Huschmand-Nia, A., & Heyl, W. (2000) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.0.0070227 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Prediagnostic levels of C‐peptide, IGF‐I, IGFBP ‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 and risk of endometrial cancer
Lukanova, A., Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte, A., Lundin, E., Micheli, A., Arslan, A. A., Rinaldi, S., Muti, P. C., Lenner, P., Koenig, K. L., Biessy, C., et al. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.11544 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Friedenreich, C. M., Cust, A. E., Lahmann, P. H., Steindorf, K., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Clavel‐Chapelon, F., Mesrine, S., Linseisen, J., Rohrmann, S., Boeing, H., et al. (2007) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-006-0113-8 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Body mass index and cancer: Results from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Cohort
Lukanova, A., Björ, O., Kaaks, R., Lenner, P., Lindahl, B., Hallmans, G., & Stattin, P. E. (2005) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21354 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Body Mass and Endometrial Cancer Risk by Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer Subtype
McCullough, M. L., Patel, A. V., Patel, R., Rodríguez, C., Feigelson, H. S., Bandera, E. V., Gansler, T. S., Thun, M. J., & Calle, E. E. (2008) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2567 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Tankó, L. B., & Christiansen, C. (2004) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000079740.18541.db · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Body size in relation to cancer of the uterine corpus in 1 million Norwegian women
Bjørge, T., Engeland, A., Tretli, S., & Weiderpass, E. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22260 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Body mass, diabetes and smoking, and endometrial cancer risk: a follow-up study
Lindemann, K. Y., VATTEN, L. J., Engh, M. E., & Eskild, A. (2008) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604313 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Folsom, A. R., Kaye, S. A., Potter, J. D., & Prineas, R. J. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Diabetes and endometrial cancer in the Iowa women's health study.
Anderson, K. E., Anderson, E. L., Mink, P. J., Hong, C. P., Kushi, L. H., Sellers, T. A., Lazovich, D., & Folsom, A. R. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Törnberg, S., & Carstensen, J. M. (1994) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1994.65 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Patel, A. V., Feigelson, H. S., Talbot, J. T., McCullough, M. L., Rodríguez, C., Patel, R. C., Thun, M. J., & Calle, E. E. (2008) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23716 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Endometrial Carcinoma
Bjørge, T., Stocks, T., Lukanova, A., Tretli, S., Selmer, R. M., Manjer, J., Rapp, K., Ulmer, H., Almquist, M., Concin, H., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq006 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Li, C., Gasser, J. A., Zhao, J., Yang, B., Li, F., & Zhao, A. Z. (2007) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-07-0065 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Obesity and Risk of Cancer in Postmenopausal Korean Women
Song, Y., Sung, J., & Ha, M. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2007.15.7867 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Jonsson, F., Wolk, A., Pedersen, N. L., Lichtenstein, P., Terry, P., Ahlbom, A., & Feychting, M. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.11266 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Leptin and Body Mass Index in Relation to Endometrial Cancer Risk
Petridou, E. T., Belechri, M., Dessypris, N., Koukoulomatis, P., Diakomanolis, E., Spanos, E., & Trichopoulos, D. (2002) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000063081 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
A cohort study of nutritional factors and endometrial cancer
Jain, M. G., Rohan, T. E., Howe, G. R., & Miller, A. B. (2000) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1023/a:1011012621990 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Chang, S.-C., Lacey, J. V., Brinton, L. A., Hartge, P. A., Adams, K. F., Mouw, T., Carroll, L. E., Hollenbeck, A. R., Schatzkin, A. G., & Leitzmann, M. F. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0675 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Cust, A. E., Allen, N. E., Rinaldi, S., Dossus, L., Friedenreich, C. M., Olsen, A., Tjønneland, A. M., Overvad, K., Clavel‐Chapelon, F., Boutron‐Ruault, M., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22578 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Endometrial Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Setiawan, V. W., Pike, M. C., Kolonel, L. N., Nomura, A. M., Goodman, M. T., & Henderson, B. E. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwk010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Lacey, J. V., Brinton, L. A., Lubin, J. H., Sherman, M. E., Schatzkin, A. G., & Schairer, C. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0111 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Symposium 1: Overnutrition: consequences and solutions Obesity and cancer risk
Key, T. J., Spencer, E. A., & REEVES, G. K. (2009) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665109991698 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
HAY, I. D., & Wass, J. A. H. (1997) · doi:10.1002/9781444300222 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Serum lipids and endometrial cancer risk: Results from the HUNT‐II study
Lindemann, K. Y., VATTEN, L. J., Engh, M. E., & Eskild, A. (2009) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.24285 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Oestrogens and Obesity as Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer in Italy
Vecchia, C. L., Franceschi, S., Gallus, G., Decarli, A., Colombo, E. V., Mangioni, C., & Tognoni, G. (1982) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/11.2.120 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cymbaluk‐Płoska, A., Chudecka-Glaz, A. M., & Rzepka-Górska, I. (2006) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.08.012 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bariatric surgery, weight reduction, and cancer prevention
Renehan, A. G. (2009) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70170-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationIntratumoral neovascularization and growth pattern in early gastric carcinoma
Tomoda, M., Maehara, Y., Kakeji, Y., Ohno, S., Ichiyoshi, Y., & Sugimachi, K. (1999) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990601)85:11 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Glycaemic index, glycaemic load and risk of endometrial cancer: a prospective cohort study
Silvera, S. A. N., Rohan, T. E., Jain, M. G., Terry, P., Howe, G. R., & Miller, A. B. (2005) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005741 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Risk of endometrial cancer in relationship to cigarette smoking: Results from the EPIC study
Al‐Zoughool, M., Dossus, L., Kaaks, R., Clavel‐Chapelon, F., Tjønneland, A. M., Olsen, A., Overvad, K., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Gauthier, E., Linseisen, J., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22990 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tretli, S., & Magnus, K. (1990) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910460204 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Physical activity, adiposity, and risk of endometrial cancer
Conroy, M. B., Sattelmair, J. R., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., & Lee, I.-M. M. (2009) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9313-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Lundqvist, E., Kaprio, J. A., Verkasalo, P. K., Pukkala, ., Koskenvuo, M. J., Söderberg, K. C., & Feychting, M. (2007) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22746 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Larsson, S. C., Friberg, E., & Wolk, A. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22422 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives
Huber, J. C., Bentz, E.-K., Ott, J., & Tempfer, C. M. (2008) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.9.13.2317 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Levi, F., Vecchia, C. L., Gulie, C., Franceschi, S., & Negri, E. (1993) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/0959-8049(93)90018-b · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hormonal risk factors for endometrial cancer: modification by cigarette smoking (United States)
Newcomer, L. M., Newcomb, P. A., Trentham‐Dietz, A., & Storer, B. E. (2001) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1012297905601 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Olson, J. E., Sellers, T. A., Anderson, K. E., & Folsom, A. R. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Manzke, O., Tesch, H., Lorenzen, J., Diehl, V., & Bohlen, H. (2001) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The impact of BMI on subgroups of uterine cancer
Lindemann, K. Y., VATTEN, L. J., Engh, M. E., & Eskild, A. (2009) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605158 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hormones, Growth Factors, and Tumor Growth
Renehan, A. G. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9781444300222.ch4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationA case-control study of endometrial cancer within a cohort
Halewijn, E., & Poortman, J. (1985) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/0378-5122(85)90036-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 85 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Body Fatness and Cancer — Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group
Lauby-Secretan, B., Scoccianti, C., Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., Bianchini, F., & Straif, K. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr1606602 · Cited by 3,596 · see citing works
Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives
Avgerinos, K. I., Spyrou, N., Mantzoros, C. S., & Dalamaga, M. (2019) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
“However, basic research has been inconclusive on the testosterone effect on mammary tissue [88].”
BackgroundBhaskaran, K., Douglas, I., Forbes, H., dos-Santos-Silva, I., Leon, D. A., & Smeeth, L. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60892-8 · Cited by 1,707 · see citing works
Crosbie, E. J., Kitson, S., McAlpine, J. N., Mukhopadhyay, A., Powell, M. E., & Singh, N. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00323-3 · Cited by 1,401 · see citing works
Self-citationAdiposity and cancer at major anatomical sites: umbrella review of the literature
Kyrgiou, M., Kalliala, I., Markozannes, G., Gunter, M. J., Paraskevaidis, E., Gabra, H., Martin-Hirsch, P., & Tsilidis, K. K. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j477 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Adiposity and cancer risk: new mechanistic insights from epidemiology
Renehan, A. G., Zwahlen, M., & Egger, M. (2015) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3967 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk factors for endometrial cancer: An umbrella review of the literature
Raglan, O., Kalliala, I., Markozannes, G., Cividini, S., Gunter, M., Nautiyal, J., Gabra, H., Paraskevaidis, E., Martin-Hirsch, P., Tsilidis, K., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31961 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
“31).(78) However, the analyses by HRT use had fewer than 1000 incident cases and were both classified as weak evidence.”
BackgroundHandelsman, Y., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Grunberger, G., Umpierrez, G. E., Zimmerman, R. S., Bailey, T. S., Blonde, L., Bray, G. A., Cohen, A. J., Dagogo-Jack, S. E., et al. (2015) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep15672.gl · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Handelsman, Y., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Grunberger, G., Umpierrez, G., Zimmerman, R. S., Bailey, T. S., Blonde, L., Bray, G. A., Cohen, A. J., Dagogo-Jack, S., et al. (2015) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep15672.glsuppl · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Global patterns in excess body weight and the associated cancer burden
Sung, H., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., Pearson‐Stuttard, J., Islami, F., Fedewa, S. A., Sauer, A. G., Shuval, K., Gapstur, S. M., Jacobs, E. J., et al. (2018) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21499 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Eheman, C. R., Henley, S. J., Ballard-Barbash, R. R., Jacobs, E. J., Schymura, M. J., Noone, A., Pan, L., Anderson, R. N., Fulton, J. E., Kohler, B., et al. (2012) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.27514 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
“2010;19:3119-3130.(39) f Published estimates were presented as the risk of the most active relative to the least active; the inverse was calculated to present the risk of the least active relative to the most active.”
BackgroundMethodKeum, N., Greenwood, D. C., Lee, D. H., Kim, R., Aune, D., Ju, W., Hu, F. B., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2015) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djv088 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
“Thus, the BMI-based dose-response meta-analyses were equivalent to suggesting an increase in risk by 4%, 28%, and 4%, per 5 kg of weight gain for postmenopausal BC, EC among HRT nonusers, and OC among HRT nonusers, respectively (6,9,14).”
MethodAune, D., Navarro Rosenblatt, D. A., Chan, D. S. M., Vingeliene, S., Abar, L., Vieira, A. R., Greenwood, D. C., Bandera, E. V., & Norat, T. (2015) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv142 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
USA endometrial cancer projections to 2030: should we be concerned?
Sheikh, M. A., Althouse, A. D., Freese, K. E., Soisson, S., Edwards, R. P., Welburn, S., Sukumvanich, P., Comerci, J., Kelley, J., LaPorte, R. E., et al. (2014) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon.14.192 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Incidence and survival of adult cancer patients in Taiwan, 2002–2012
Chiang, C., Lo, W., Yang, Y., You, S., Chen, C., & Lai, M. (2016) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2015.10.011 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Obesity and risk of ovarian cancer subtypes: evidence from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium
Olsen, C. M., Nagle, C. M., Whiteman, D. C., Ness, R. B., Pearce, C. L., Pike, M. C., Rossing, M. A., Terry, K. L., Wu, A. H., _, _., et al. (2013) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-12-0395 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“The roughly 70–80% risk increases we observed even among the groups of women with highest BMI were, however, considerably lower than the ninefold risk previously reported for endometrial cancer (Crosbie et al. 2010).”
Etiologic heterogeneity in endometrial cancer: Evidence from a Gynecologic Oncology Group trial
Brinton, L. A., Felix, A. S., McMeekin, D. S., Creasman, W. T., Sherman, M. E., Mutch, D. G., Cohn, D. E., Walker, J. L., Moore, R. G., Downs, L. S., et al. (2013) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.02.023 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis concluded that evidence argues against significant variations in hormone usage by histologic subtypes, but further investigations appear warranted [34].”
BackgroundObesity and Endometrial Cancer
Shaw, E., Farris, M. S., McNeil, J., & Friedenreich, C. M. (2016) · Recent results in cancer research/Recent Results in Cancer Research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9_7 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Obesity and gynaecological and obstetric conditions: umbrella review of the literature
Kalliala, I., Markozannes, G., Gunter, M., Paraskevaidis, E., Gabra, H., Mitra, A., Terzidou, V., Bennett, P., Martin-Hirsch, P., Tsilidis, K., et al. (2017) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.j4511 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Endometrial cancer: Not your grandmother's cancer
McAlpine, J. N., Temkin, S. M., & MacKay, H. J. (2016) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.30094 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Obesity and risk of malignant melanoma: A meta-analysis of cohort and case–control studies
Sergentanis, T. Ν., Antoniadis, A. G., Gogas, H. J., Antonopoulos, C. N., Adami, H., Ekbom, A., & Petridou, E. T. (2012) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.08.028 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The Role of Metabolic Syndrome in Endometrial Cancer: A Review
Yang, X., & Wang, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00744 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
BGCS uterine cancer guidelines: Recommendations for practice
Sundar, S. S., Balega, J., Crosbie, E. J., Drake, A., Edmondson, R. J., Fotopoulou, C., Gallos, I. D., Ganesan, R., Gupta, J. K., Johnson, N. P., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.04.015 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationPolycystic ovary syndrome and risk of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer: a systematic review
Harris, H. R., & Terry, K. L. (2016) · Fertility Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s40738-016-0029-2 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“However, they each included estimates from analyses that did not take into account BMI which is a common characteristic of PCOS and a strong and well-established risk factor for endometrial cancer [37, 38].”
BackgroundImpact of risk factors on early cancer evolution
Weeden, C. E., Hill, W., Lim, E. L., Gronroos, E. C., & Swanton, C. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.013 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Obesity, body fatness and cancer
Anderson, A. S., Key, T. J., Norat, T., Scoccianti, C., Cecchini, M., Berrino, F., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Espina, C., Leitzmann, M. F., Powers, H. J., et al. (2015) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2015.01.017 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Menopausal hormone therapy use may modify the association of body fatness with hormone-related cancers in women, with larger relative risks (but not absolute risks) observed in never users of hormone therapy for breast [24], endometrial [29] and ovarian cancers [31].”
BackgroundObesity and risk of bladder cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies
Sun, J.-W., Zhao, L.-G., Yang, Y., Ma, X., Wang, Y.-Y., & Xiang, Y.-B. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119313 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“In the past decades, extensive evidence suggested potential associations between obesity and many cancers [3–10], it is convincing for obesity as a risk factor for cancers of esophagus [4], pancreas [5], colon and rectum [6], endometrium [7,8], kidney [9],and postmenopausal breast[10].”
BackgroundBritish Gynaecological Cancer Society (BGCS) uterine cancer guidelines: Recommendations for practice
Morrison, J., Balega, J., Buckley, L., Clamp, A. R., Crosbie, E. J., Drew, Y., Durrant, L., Forrest, J., Fotopoulou, C., Gajjar, K. B., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.11.423 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipose Tissue, Obesity and Adiponectin: Role in Endocrine Cancer Risk
Tumminia, A., Vinciguerra, F., Parisi, M., Graziano, M., Sciacca, L., Baratta, R., & Frittitta, L. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20122863 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“5 times and 5 times higher risk of developing endometrial cancer than average-weight patients [113].”
BackgroundAssociation between diabetes, diabetes treatment and risk of developing endometrial cancer
Luo, J., Beresford, S. A. A., Chen, C., Chlebowski, R. T., García, L., Kuller, L. H., Regier, M., Wactawski‐Wende, J., & Margolis, K. L. (2014) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.407 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“This hypothesis has been supported by epidemiologic studies showing that an increased risk of endometrial cancer is associated with use of unopposed exogenous estrogens (Smith et al, 1975; Ziel and Finkle, 1975; Grady et al, 1995; Crosbie et al, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRecalde, M., Dávila‐Batista, V., Díaz, Y., Leitzmann, M. F., Romieu, I., Freisling, H., & Duarte‐Salles, T. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01877-3 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Age at menarche and endometrial cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
Gong, T., Wang, Y.-L., & Ma, X. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14051 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Intentional Weight Loss and Endometrial Cancer Risk
Luo, J., Chlebowski, R. T., HENDRYX, M. S., Rohan, T. E., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Thomson, C. A., Felix, A. S., Chen, C., Barrington, W. E., Coday, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.70.5822 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
MacKintosh, M. L., Derbyshire, A. E., McVey, R. J., Bolton, J., Nickkho‐Amiry, M., Higgins, C. L., Kamieniorz, M., Pemberton, P. W., Kirmani, B. H., Ahmed, B., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31913 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of body mass index on endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis
Jenabi, E., & Poorolajal, J. (2015) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.04.017 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Fang, X., Wei, J., He, X., Lian, J., Han, D., An, P., Zhou, T., Liu, S., Wang, F., & Min, J. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31553 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Consistent with this notion, studies using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) suggest that circulating sex hormones can play a major role in the relationship between obesity and endometrial cancer.(36,37) In contrast, we found that BMI was negatively associated with the risk of oral cavity, lung, and premenopausal brea…”
ResultPrediagnosis Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Mortality in Endometrial Cancer Patients
Arem, H. E., Park, Y., Pelser, C. B., Ballard-Barbash, R. R., Irwin, M. L., Hollenbeck, A. R., Gierach, G. L., Brinton, L. A., Pfeiffer, R. M., & Matthews, C. E. (2013) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djs530 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
WISE, M. R., Gill, P., Lensen, S. F., Thompson, J., & Farquhar, C. M. (2016) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.06.006 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Sivalingam, V. N., Myers, J., Nicholas, S., Balen, A. H., & Crosbie, E. J. (2014) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu037 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“This effect was observed even at extremely obese BMIs; indeed, a woman with a BMI of 42 has a near 10-fold increased risk of type 1 (also known as endometrioid) endometrial cancer than her normal weight counterparts (BMI 20–25 kg/m 2 ) (Crosbie et al., 2010).”
Self-citationChlebowski, R. T., Anderson, G. L., Sarto, G. E., Haque, R., Runowicz, C. D., Aragaki, A. K., Thomson, C. A., Howard, B. V., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Chen, C., et al. (2015) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djv350 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Female Hormonal Factors and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer in Lynch Syndrome
Dashti, S. G., Chau, R., Ouakrim, D. A., Buchanan, D. D., Clendenning, M., Young, J. P., Winship, I., Arnold, J. L., Ahnen, D. J., Haile, R. W., et al. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6789 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Median (range) 40 (18-86) 46 (25-68) 40 (18-86)”
Reed, N., Balega, J., Barwick, T. D., Buckley, L., Burton, K., Eminowicz, G., Forrest, J., Ganesan, R., Harrand, R. L., Holland, C. M., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.08.020 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Jamison, P. M., Noone, A.-M., Ries, L. A. G., Lee, N. C., & Edwards, B. K. (2013) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0996 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Womens Health Issues 2005;15(4):179-86.”
BackgroundDiabetes and Cancer—An AACE/ACE Consensus Statement
Handelsman, Y., LeRoith, D., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Dagogo-Jack, S. E., EINHORN, D. F., Garber, A. J., Grunberger, G., Harrell, R. M., Gagel, R. F., Lebovitz, H. E., et al. (2013) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13248.cs · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Crosbie et al 2010 (6) Endometrial RR 1.”
BackgroundRecent changes in endometrial cancer trends among menopausal-age US women.
Wartko, P., Sherman, M. E., Yang, H. P., Felix, A. S., Brinton, L. A., & Trabert, B. (2013) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2013.03.008 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Specifically, studies demonstrate that obese BMI is most strongly related to elevated endometrial cancer risk among non-users of combined MHT, suggesting that exogenous progestins may attenuate risk related to increased endogenous estrogen levels associated with elevated BMI [10].”
BackgroundInfluentialMenopausal hormone therapy and risk of endometrial cancer
Brinton, L. A., & Felix, A. S. (2013) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“One recent meta-analysis concluded that there is no significant variation in hormone effects by histologic subtypes (14), but another large cohort study noted higher hormone-associated risks for Type I than II cancers, albeit without the ability to assess interactions by type of hormones prescribed (47).”
BackgroundCrosbie, E. J., Roberts, C., Qian, W., Swart, A. M., Kitchener, H. C., & Renehan, A. G. (2011) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.10.003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationRenehan, A. G., Flood, A. P., Adams, K. F., Olden, M., Hollenbeck, A. R., Cross, A. J., & Leitzmann, M. F. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws192 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“As the present analysis notes, the BMI-CRC associations may be modified by MHT history (in the direction opposite that of the MHT effect modification seen between BMI and risk of postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancers (40)) and requires further research.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPainter, J. N., O’Mara, T. A., Marquart, L., Webb, P. M., Attia, J., Medland, S. E., Cheng, T. H. T., Dennis, J., Holliday, E. G., McEvoy, M., et al. (2016) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0147 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dougan, M., Hankinson, S. E., Vivo, I. D., Tworoger, S. S., Glynn, R. J., & Michels, K. B. (2015) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29427 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Obesity and Risk for Brain/CNS Tumors, Gliomas and Meningiomas: A Meta-Analysis
Sergentanis, T. Ν., Tsivgoulis, G. K., Perlepe, C., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Tzanninis, I., Sergentanis, I. N., & Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136974 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The spectrum of obesity-related cancer may span colon [17], endometrial [18], postmenopausal breast [16], renal [15, 16], esophageal [15], thyroid [15, 16], prostate [19] cancer and hematological malignancies [20], whereas a recent meta-analysis performed by our team highlighted the association between obesity and mel…”
BackgroundObesity‐driven endometrial cancer: is weight loss the answer?
MacKintosh, M. L., & Crosbie, E. J. (2013) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12106 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationKeum, N., Greenwood, D. C., Lee, D. H., Kim, R., Aune, D., Ju, W., Hu, F. B., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2015) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dju428 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Thus, the BMI-based dose-response meta-analyses were equivalent to suggesting an increase in risk by 4%, 28%, and 4%, per 5 kg of weight gain for postmenopausal BC, EC among HRT nonusers, and OC among HRT nonusers, respectively (6,9,14).”
MethodPrevention Strategies in Endometrial Carcinoma
MacKintosh, M. L., & Crosbie, E. J. (2018) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-018-0747-1 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationKitson, S., Evans, D. G., & Crosbie, E. J. (2016) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0224 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent and future approaches to screening for endometrial cancer
Gentry‐Maharaj, A., & Karpinskyj, C. (2020) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.006 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Look AHEAD Research Group, Yeh, H., Bantle, J. P., Cassidy‐Begay, M., Blackburn, G., Bray, G. A., Byers, T., Clark, J. M., Coday, M., Egan, C., et al. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22936 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“The relative risks for esophageal adenocarcinoma and endometrial cancer are even higher, up to more than fourfold in those with BMI of 40 kg/m2 or more (9,10).”
BackgroundCurrent and Emerging Prognostic Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer
Njoku, K., Barr, C. E., & Crosbie, E. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.890908 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationJoung, K. H., Jeong, J., & Ku, B. J. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/920618 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Measuring the biological effect of presurgical metformin treatment in endometrial cancer
Sivalingam, V. N., Kitson, S., McVey, R. J., Roberts, C., Pemberton, P. W., Gilmour, K., Ali, S., Renehan, A. G., Kitchener, H. C., & Crosbie, E. J. (2016) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.453 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Endometrial cancer ranks highest among all cancers in its association with obesity, with every 5 kgm 2 increase in BMI conferring a 1.6-fold increased risk of the disease (Renehan et al, 2008; Crosbie et al, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review
Tempfer, C. M., Hilal, Z., Kern, P., Juhasz-Böess, I., & Rezniczek, G. A. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12082195 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“found that ever use of MHT reduced the risk of EC conferred by being overweight [22].”
BackgroundAssociation of the Age at Menarche with Site-Specific Cancer Risks in Pooled Data from Nine Cohorts
Fuhrman, B. J., Moore, S. C., Byrne, C., Makhoul, I., Kitahara, C. M., de González, A. B., Linet, M. S., Weiderpass, E., Adami, H., Freedman, N. D., et al. (2021) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3093 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“This pattern echoes that observed for BMI, which is known to be more strongly associated with endometrial cancer risk among never hormone users than current users (46).”
BackgroundResultLuhn, P., Dallal, C. M., Weiss, J. M., Black, A., Huang, W., Lacey, J. V., Hayes, R. B., Stanczyk, F. Z., Wentzensen, N., & Brinton, L. A. (2013) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0258 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The effect of BMI on endometrial cancer risk is restricted to women who have not used MHT (34) and conversely,”
Excess adiposity and survival in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review
Parkin, E., O'Reilly, D. A., Sherlock, D., Manoharan, P., & Renehan, A. G. (2014) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12140 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Statistical modelling We performed dose-response meta-analyses where risk was reported for three or more BMI categories per study, as we have described elsewhere (3,8,34).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMcElroy, J. A., Kruse, R. L., Guthrie, J. M., Gangnon, R. E., & Robertson, J. D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179360 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Body mass index and mortality in patients with gastric cancer: a large cohort study
Lee, J. H., Park, B., Joo, J., Kook, M., Kim, Y., Lee, J. Y., Kim, C. G., Choi, I. J., Eom, B. W., Yoon, H. M., et al. (2018) · Gastric Cancer · doi:10.1007/s10120-018-0818-x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Endometrial cancer, for example, has been strongly associated with an increased body mass index (BMI) [4].”
BackgroundIs estrogen plus progestin menopausal hormone therapy safe with respect to endometrial cancer risk?
Trabert, B. L., Wentzensen, N., Yang, H., Sherman, M. E., Hollenbeck, A. R., Park, Y., & Brinton, L. A. (2012) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.27623 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Endometrial cancer prevention in high-risk women
Njoku, K., Abiola, J., Russell, J., & Crosbie, E. J. (2019) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between Five Lifestyle Habits and Cancer Risk: Results from the E3N Cohort
Dartois, L., Fagherazzi, G., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Mesrine, S., & Clavel‐Chapelon, F. (2014) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0325 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“was associated with a decreased risk of endometrial cancer (47).”
BackgroundEndometrial Intracrinology: Oestrogens, Androgens and Endometrial Disorders
Gibson, D. A., Simitsidellis, I., Collins, F., & Saunders, P. T. K. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19103276 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Established risk factors for development of EC include obesity and the presence of premalignant lesions associated with endometrial hyperplasia [75,76], with oestrogen exposure considered a key driver of both endometrial hyperplasia and Type I EC that make up 75% of EC cases [76].”
BackgroundYasin, H. K., Taylor, A. H., & Ayakannu, T. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13092149 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“These data need to be examined in detail, since menopausal status and histological subtypes had no bearing on the relative risk calculations [58].”
BackgroundInfluentialFrom Staging to Prognostication
Nougaret, S., Lakhman, Y., Vargas, H. A., Colombo, P. E., Fujii, S., Reinhold, C., & Sala, E. (2017) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mric.2017.03.010 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Huang, C., Chen, C., Chen, Y., Chiang, C., Hsu, T., Lin, M.-C., Lai, M., Chen, C., You, S., & Cheng, W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051372 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Barr, C. E., Ryan, N. A. J., Derbyshire, A. E., Wan, Y.-L. L., MacKintosh, M. L., McVey, R. J., Bolton, J., Fitzgerald, C. T., Awad, D., Slade, R. J., et al. (2021) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0229 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“It has been estimated that every 5 kg/m(2) increase in body mass index (BMI) confers a 60% higher lifetime risk of endometrial cancer (2), such that women with a BMI > 40 kg/m(2) are seven times more likely to develop endometrial cancer than normal-weight women (3).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMetabolomic Biomarkers for Detection, Prognosis and Identifying Recurrence in Endometrial Cancer
Njoku, K., Sutton, C. J. J., Whetton, A. D., & Crosbie, E. J. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10080314 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Of these, obesity is the most consistently cited risk factor and is strongly related to EC, with every 5 unit increase in BMI leading to a 60% increased risk of the disease [32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTemkin, S. M., Minasian, L. M., & Noone, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2016.00089 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kitson, S., Lindsay, J., Sivalingam, V. N., Lunt, M., Ryan, N. A. J., Edmondson, R. J., Rutter, M. K., & Crosbie, E. J. (2017) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.11.019 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity, inflammation, and cancer in dogs: Review and perspectives
Marchi, P. H., Vendramini, T. H. A., Perini, M. P., Zafalon, R. V. A., Amaral, A. R., Ochamotto, V. A., da Silveira, J. C., Dagli, M. L., & Brunetto, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.1004122 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Brenner, D. R. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.018 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
YAP/TAZ regulates the insulin signaling via IRS1/2 in endometrial cancer.
Wang, C., Jeong, K., Jiang, H., Guo, W., Gu, C., Lu, Y., & Liang, J. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) is an independent prognostic biomarker in endometrial cancer
Latif, A., Chadwick, A. L., Kitson, S., Gregson, H. J., Sivalingam, V. N., Bolton, J., McVey, R. J., Roberts, S. A., Marshall, K. M., Williams, K. J., et al. (2017) · BMC Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1186/s12907-017-0067-7 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationTen-Year Comparison Study of Type 1 and 2 Endometrial Cancers: Risk Factors and Outcomes
Feinberg, J., Albright, B. B., Black, J., Lu, L., Passarelli, R., Gysler, S. M., Whicker, M. E., Altwerger, G. H., Menderes, G., Hui, P., et al. (2019) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000493132 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The impact of obesity and bariatric surgery on the immune microenvironment of the endometrium
Naqvi, A., MacKintosh, M. L., Derbyshire, A. E., Tsakiroglou, A. M., Walker, T. D. J., McVey, R. J., Bolton, J., Fergie, M., Bagley, S., Ashton, G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01027-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity and female malignancies
Benedetto, C., Salvagno, F., Canuto, E. M., & Gennarelli, G. (2015) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.01.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Detecting Endometrial Cancer by Blood Spectroscopy: A Diagnostic Cross-Sectional Study
Paraskevaidi, M., Morais, C. L. M., Ashton, K. M., Stringfellow, H. F., McVey, R. J., Ryan, N. A. J., O’Flynn, H., Sivalingam, V. N., Kitson, S., MacKintosh, M. L., et al. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12051256 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Replication of our results in even larger cohorts and in high risk groups, such as women with significant obesity [41], and those with inherited predisposition syndromes, for example Lynch syndrome [42], is an important consideration for the future validation of spectroscopy for endometrial cancer detection.”
ResultSelf-citationPsaltopoulou, T., Sergentanis, T. N., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Tzanninis, I., Riza, E., & Dimopoulos, M. A. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32109 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Study, O. B. O. T. M. W., Yang, T., Cairns, B. J., Allen, N. E., Sweetland, S., REEVES, G. K., & Beral, V. (2012) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.229 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This is consistent with a meta-analysis that demonstrated a stronger association between BMI and endometrial cancer risk among postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women, and among never users of hormone therapy for menopause compared with ever users (Crosbie et al, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDring, J. C., Forma, A., Chilimoniuk, Z., Dobosz, M., Teresiński, G., Buszewicz, G., Flieger, J., Cywka, T., Januszewski, J., & Baj, J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010185 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Obesity is the major risk factor for the development of endometrial cancer considering both its high rates and physical inactivity in high-income countries [62].”
BackgroundAn aggregated analysis of hormonal factors and endometrial cancer risk by parity
Schonfeld, S. J., Hartge, P. A., Pfeiffer, R. M., Freedman, D. M., Greenlee, R. T., Linet, M. S., Park, Y., Schairer, C., Visvanathan, K., & Lacey, J. V. (2012) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.27909 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Models assessing body mass index (BMI) were stratified by MHT, and vice versa, based on previously reported interactions between these exposures.(18-21) To estimate the joint associations between nulliparity and BMI, OCs, and MHT, we fit models that included all women (nulliparous and parous) and used parous women in…”
MethodHormone Replacement Therapy in Females Can Decrease the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Yao, Y., Gu, X., Zhu, J., Yuan, D., & Song, Y. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071236 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The levels of the sex hormones are not different between type 1 and type 2 endometrial cancer
Wan, J., Gao, Y., Zeng, K., Yin, Y., Zhao, M., Wei, J., & Chen, Q. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39744 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wang, L., Du, Z., Qiao, J., & Gao, S. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103247 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Executive Summary of the Uterine Cancer Evidence Review Conference
Chelmow, D., Brooks, R., Cavens, A., Huber-Keener, K. J., Scott, D. M., Sheth, S. S., Whetstone, S., Worly, B., & Burke, W. (2022) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000004711 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Endometrial cancer and obesity
Kitson, S., & Crosbie, E. J. (2019) · The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist · doi:10.1111/tog.12601 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationJarząbek, K., Koda, M., Walentowicz‐Sadlecka, M., Grabiec, M., Laudański, P., & Wołczyński, S. (2013) · Tumor Biology · doi:10.1007/s13277-013-0991-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“BMI is an unquestionable risk factor of endometrial cancer [21, 22].”
BackgroundEvaluation of risk factors for complications after bariatric surgery
Quilliot, D., Sirveaux, M.-A., Nominé-Criqui, C., Fouquet, T., Reibel, N., & Brunaud, L. (2018) · Journal of Visceral Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2018.01.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Obesity as a tumour development triggering factor
Budny, A., Grochowski, C., Kozłowski, P., Kolak, A., Kamińska, M., Kukiełka-Budny, B., Abramiuk, M., & Burdan, F. (2019) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/100664 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Amankwah, E. K., Friedenreich, C. M., Magliocco, A. M., Brant, R., Courneya, K. S., Speidel, T., Rahman, W., Langley, A. R., & Cook, L. S. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws434 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Metabolomic Biomarkers for the Detection of Obesity-Driven Endometrial Cancer
Njoku, K., Campbell, A. E., Geary, B., MacKintosh, M. L., Derbyshire, A. E., Kitson, S., Sivalingam, V. N., Pierce, A., Whetton, A. D., & Crosbie, E. J. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13040718 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Obesity is the major risk factor for type I cancers of low-grade endometrioid morphology, with every 5 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (BMI) linked to a 60% increased cancer risk [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer
Baron, J. A., Nichols, H. B., Anderson, C., & Safe, S. (2021) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1803 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Crosbie, E. J., Zwahlen, M., Kitchener, H. C., Egger, M., & Renehan, A. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- Venue
- Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
- Published
- 2010-12-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3119-3130
- ISSN
- 1055-9965 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-7755
- OpenAlex
- W2076975509
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2007-06-005)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Endometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments
- Keywords
- body mass index, endometrial cancer, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, menopausal status, histological subtypes, cancer risk modification, dose-response relationship, postmenopausal women, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial adenocarcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, serous carcinoma
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Endometrial Neoplasms, Hormone Replacement Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
