Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study.
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OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between body mass index (kg/m2) and cancer incidence and mortality. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: 1.2 million UK women recruited into the Million Women Study, aged 50-64 during 1996-2001, and followed up, on average, for 5.4 years for cancer incidence and 7.0 years for cancer mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks of incidence and mortality for all cancers, and for 17 specific types of cancer, according to body mass index, adjusted for age, geographical region, socioeconomic status, age at first birth, parity, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, years since menopause, and use of hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS: 45,037 incident cancers and 17 203 deaths from cancer occurred over the follow-up period. Increasing body mass index was associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer (trend in relative risk per 10 units=2.89, 95% confidence interval 2.62 to 3.18), adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus (2.38, 1.59 to 3.56), kidney cancer (1.53, 1.27 to 1.84), leukaemia (1.50, 1.23 to 1.83), multiple myeloma (1.31, 1.04 to 1.65), pancreatic cancer (1.24, 1.03 to 1.48), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1.17, 1.03 to 1.34), ovarian cancer (1.14, 1.03 to 1.27), all cancers combined (1.12, 1.09 to 1.14), breast cancer in postmenopausal women (1.40, 1.31 to 1.49) and colorectal cancer in premenopausal women (1.61, 1.05 to 2.48). In general, the relation between body mass index and mortality was similar to that for incidence. For colorectal cancer, malignant melanoma, breast cancer, and endometrial cancer, the effect of body mass index on risk differed significantly according to menopausal status. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing body mass index is associated with a significant increase in the risk of cancer for 10 out of 17 specific types examined. Among postmenopausal women in the UK, 5% of all cancers (about 6000 annually) are attributable to being overweight or obese. For endometrial cancer and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus, body mass index represents a major modifiable risk factor; about half of all cases in postmenopausal women are attributable to overweight or obesity.
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Evidence from a large prospective study with multiple measurements of weight and height showed that regression dilution bias did not affect the relative risks for BMI, possibly because there is less variability.
“Evidence from a large prospective study with multiple measurements of weight and height showed that regression dilution bias did not affect the RRs for BMI, possibly because there is less variability [15].”
From The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors (2009) · cites this paper as [15]
In post-menopausal women, obesity is associated with breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and endometrial cancer.
“In post-menopausal women, obesity is associated with breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and endometrial cancer [31, 32]”
From Obesity pharmacotherapy in older adults: a narrative review of evidence (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Reeves, G. K., Pirie, K., Beral, V., Green, J., Spencer, E., & Bull, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2007-11-06
- Volume
- 335
- Issue
- 7630
- Pages
- 1134
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2099519
- OpenAlex
- W2113017183
- Cited by
- 1,507
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 102 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 37.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Keywords
- body mass index, obesity, cancer incidence, cancer mortality, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, kidney cancer, leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, menopausal status, postmenopausal women, women's health, Million Women Study
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Maternal Age, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Obesity, Parity, Pregnancy, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Age Distribution
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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