Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between body mass index (kg/m2) and cancer incidence and mortality. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: 1.2 million UK women recruited into the Million Women Study, aged 50-64 during 1996-2001, and followed up, on average, for 5.4 years for cancer incidence and 7.0 years for cancer mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks of incidence and mortality for all cancers, and for 17 specific types of cancer, according to body mass index, adjusted for age, geographical region, socioeconomic status, age at first birth, parity, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, years since menopause, and use of hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS: 45,037 incident cancers and 17 203 deaths from cancer occurred over the follow-up period. Increasing body mass index was associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer (trend in relative risk per 10 units=2.89, 95% confidence interval 2.62 to 3.18), adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus (2.38, 1.59 to 3.56), kidney cancer (1.53, 1.27 to 1.84), leukaemia (1.50, 1.23 to 1.83), multiple myeloma (1.31, 1.04 to 1.65), pancreatic cancer (1.24, 1.03 to 1.48), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1.17, 1.03 to 1.34), ovarian cancer (1.14, 1.03 to 1.27), all cancers combined (1.12, 1.09 to 1.14), breast cancer in postmenopausal women (1.40, 1.31 to 1.49) and colorectal cancer in premenopausal women (1.61, 1.05 to 2.48). In general, the relation between body mass index and mortality was similar to that for incidence. For colorectal cancer, malignant melanoma, breast cancer, and endometrial cancer, the effect of body mass index on risk differed significantly according to menopausal status. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing body mass index is associated with a significant increase in the risk of cancer for 10 out of 17 specific types examined. Among postmenopausal women in the UK, 5% of all cancers (about 6000 annually) are attributable to being overweight or obese. For endometrial cancer and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus, body mass index represents a major modifiable risk factor; about half of all cases in postmenopausal women are attributable to overweight or obesity.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Evidence from a large prospective study with multiple measurements of weight and height showed that regression dilution bias did not affect the relative risks for BMI, possibly because there is less variability.
“Evidence from a large prospective study with multiple measurements of weight and height showed that regression dilution bias did not affect the RRs for BMI, possibly because there is less variability [15].”
From The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors (2009) · cites this paper as [15]
In post-menopausal women, obesity is associated with breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and endometrial cancer.
“In post-menopausal women, obesity is associated with breast cancer, malignant melanoma, and endometrial cancer [31, 32]”
From Obesity pharmacotherapy in older adults: a narrative review of evidence (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 13,173 · see citing works
International Agency for Research on Cancer
National Cancer Institute (2020) · Definitions · doi:10.32388/pfg7jq · Cited by 9,493 · see citing works
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820 · see citing works
Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., & Thun, M. J. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021423 · Cited by 7,696 · see citing works
Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry
Frisancho, A. R. (1996) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/64.5.830 · Cited by 6,569 · see citing works
Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease
Collins, R., Peto, R., MacMahon, S., Godwin, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., MacMahon, S., Hebert, P., Eberlein, K. A., Taylor, J. O., et al. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z · Cited by 4,491 · see citing works
Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Heath, C. W. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199910073411501 · Cited by 3,643 · see citing works
Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity
Flegal, K. M. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861 · Cited by 2,834 · see citing works
Body Weight and Mortality among Women
Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., Hankinson, S. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199509143331101 · Cited by 2,005 · see citing works
Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North
Townsend, P. D., Phillimore, P., & Beattie, A. (1987) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
Papagiannopoulos, I. A., Sideris, V. I., Boschmann, M., Koutsoni, O. S., & Dotsika, E. (2013) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000357718 · Cited by 1,128 · see citing works
Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women
Endogenous Hormones Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2003) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djg022 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Body Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Adults
Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Heath, C. (2000) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200003000-00010 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Health and deprivation. Inequality and the North
Mackenbach, J. P. (1988) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/0168-8510(88)90006-1 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Physical Activity, Obesity, Height, and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Michaud, D. S. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.8.921 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Body Mass Index and Risk of Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia
Chow, W., Blot, W. J., Vaughan, T. L., Risch, H. A., Gammon, M. D., Stanford, J. L., Dubrow, R., Schoenberg, J. B., Mayne, S. T., Farrow, D. C., et al. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.2.150 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden)
Wolk, A., Gridley, G., Svensson, M., Nyrén, O., McLaughlin, J. K., Fraumeni, J. F., & Adami, H.-O. (2001) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008995217664 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Key, T., & Pike, M. (1988) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1988.44 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Pischon, T., Lahmann, P. H., Boeing, H., Friedenreich, C., Norat, T., Tjønneland, A., Halkjaer, J., Overvad, K., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., et al. (2006) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djj246 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Validity of self-reported weight and height in the French GAZEL cohort
Niedhammer, I., Bugel, I., Bonenfant, S., Goldberg, M., & Leclerc, A. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801375 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Obesity and cancer risk: a danish record-linkage study
Møller, H., Mellemgaard, A., Lindvig, K., & Olsen, J. H. (1994) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/0959-8049(94)90254-2 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Easton, D. F., Peto, J., & Babiker, A. G. (1991) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780100703 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Body Size, and Colon Cancer in Women
Martinez, M. E., Giovannucci, E., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W. C., Hunter, D. J., & Colditz, G. A. (1997) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/89.13.948 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults*
(2003) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-200308000-00039 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Relation of body mass index to cancer risk in 362,552 Swedish men
Samanic, C. M., Chow, W.-H., Gridley, G., Järvholm, B., & Fraumeni, J. F. (2006) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-006-0023-9 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Obesity, Recreational Physical Activity, and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer In a Large U.S. Cohort
Patel, A. V., Rodríguez, C., Bernstein, L., Chao, A., Thun, M. J., & Calle, E. E. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0583 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Tobacco, alcohol intake, and diet in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia
Kabat, G. C., Ng, S. K. C., & Wynder, E. L. (1993) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/bf00053153 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Dietary Relationships With Fatal Colorectal Cancer Among Seventh-Day Adventists 2
Phillips, R. L., & Snowdon, D. A. (1985) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/74.2.307 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity
Flegal, K. M., Graubard, B. I., Williamson, D. F., & Gail, M. H. (2005) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000175800.82724.60 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Holly, E. A., Lele, C., Bracci, P. M., & McGrath, M. S. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010017 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Obesity and colorectal cancer risk in women
Terry, P., Miller, A., & Rohan, T. E. (2002) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.51.2.191 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Törnberg, S., & Carstensen, J. M. (1994) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1994.65 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Freedman, D. M., Sigurdson, A. J., Doody, M. M., Rao, S. R., & Linet, M. S. (2003) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/b:caco.0000003839.56954.73 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Jacobs, S. C., & Kyprianou, N. (1997) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970516)71:4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Calle, E. E., Teras, L. R., & Thun, M. J. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200511173532020 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Million Women Study: design and characteristics of the study population
The Million Women Study Collaborative Group (1999) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr16 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Melanoma risk in relation to height, weight, and exercise (United States)
Shors, A. R., Solomon, C. C., McTiernan, A., & White, E. (2001) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1011211615524 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Accuracy of self-reported waist and hip measurements in 4492 EPIC-Oxford participants
Spencer, E. A., Roddam, A. W., & Key, T. J. (2004) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2004600 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationBody Weight and Mortality among Women
Frisch, R. E. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199603143341114 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Body size and ovarian cancer: case–control study and systematic review (Australia)
Purdie, D. M., Bain, C. J., Webb, P. M., Whiteman, D. C., Pirozzo, S., & Green, A. C. (2001) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1012267619561 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Terry, P., Giovannucci, E. L., Bergkvist, L., Holmberg, L., & Wolk, A. (2001) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1054/bjoc.2001.1894 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Dietary factors and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: A case‐control study in the northeastern part of Italy
Franceschi, S., Serraino, D., Carbone, A., et al. (1989) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635588909514034 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
ASSOCIATION OF OBESITY AND OVARIAN CANCER IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Farrow, D. C., Weiss, N. S., Lyon, J. L., & Daling, J. R. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115249 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Thune, I., Olsen, A. O., Albrektsen, G., & Tretli, S. (1993) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910550406 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Body Mass Index and Risk of Leukemia in Older Women
Ross, J. A., Parker, E. D., Blair, C. K., Cerhan, J. R., & Folsom, A. R. (2004) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.1810.13.11 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Anthropometric measures and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a case–control study from Italy
Gallus, S., Naldi, L., Martin, L., & Martinelli, M. (2006) · Melanoma Research · doi:10.1097/01.cmr.0000194429.77643.76 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Random errors in the measurement of 10 cardiovascular risk factors
Whitlock, G., Clark, T. G., Hoorn, S. V., Rodgers, A., Jackson, R., Norton, R., & MacMahon, S. W. (2001) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1023/a:1016228410194 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Breast cancer and childhood anthropometry: emerging hypotheses?
Magnusson, C., & Roddam, A. (2005) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr1014 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Evolution of the human life cycle
Bogin, B., & Smith, B. H. (1996) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6300(1996)8:6
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Veierod MB, Thelle DS, Laake P. Diet and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective study of 50,757 Norwegian men and women. Int J Cancer 1997;71:600-4.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21660 · Cited by 108,699 · see citing works
Renehan, A. G., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Heller, R. F., & Zwahlen, M. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60269-x · Cited by 5,219 · see citing works
Prospective Studies Collaboration (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60318-4 · Cited by 4,807 · see citing works
The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636 · Cited by 3,323 · see citing works
Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 · Cited by 2,860 · see citing works
Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors
Rock, C. L., Doyle, C., Demark‐Wahnefried, W., Meyerhardt, J., Courneya, K. S., Schwartz, A. L., Bandera, E. V., Hamilton, K. K., Grant, B., McCullough, M., et al. (2012) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21142 · Cited by 1,995 · see citing works
Pi-Sunyer, X. (2009) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2074 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Meta-analyses of colorectal cancer risk factors
Johnson, C. M., Wei, C., Ensor, J. E., Smolenski, D. J., Amos, C. I., Levin, B., & Berry, D. A. (2013) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0201-5 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Singh, G. M., Danaei, G., Farzadfar, F., Stevens, G. A., Woodward, M., Wormser, D., Kaptoge, S., Whitlock, G., Qiao, Q., Lewington, S., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065174 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Obesity and cancer: the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue
van Kruijsdijk, R. C. M., van der Wall, E., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0372 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Cytokines and their relationship to the symptoms and outcome of cancer
Seruga, B., Zhang, H., Bernstein, L. J., & Tannock, I. F. (2008) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2507 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Obesity: Overview of an Epidemic
Mitchell, N. S., Catenacci, V. A., Wyatt, H. R., & Hill, J. O. (2011) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.005 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma: Two growing epidemics with a potential link
Siegel, A. B., & Zhu, A. X. (2009) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.24687 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Breast Cancer and Its Relationship with the Microbiota
Fernández, M. F., Reina-Pérez, I., Astorga, J. M., Rodríguez-Carrillo, A., Plaza-Díaz, J., & Fontana, L. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15081747 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Obesity and weight management in the elderly
Han, T. S., Tajar, A., & Lean, M. E. J. (2011) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldr002 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and endometrial cancer risk: A meta-analysis
Crosbie, E. J., Zwahlen, M., Kitchener, H. C., Egger, M., & Renehan, A. G. (2010) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0832 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the adventist cohorts
Le, L., & Sabaté, J. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6062131 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
De Luca, M., Angrisani, L., Himpens, J., Busetto, L., Scopinaro, N., Weiner, R., Sartori, A., Stier, C., Lakdawala, M., Bhasker, A. G., et al. (2016) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2271-4 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Aune, D., Navarro Rosenblatt, D. A., Chan, D. S. M., Vingeliene, S., Abar, L., Vieira, A. R., Greenwood, D. C., Bandera, E. V., & Norat, T. (2015) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv142 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Clement, E., Lazar, I., Attané, C., Carrié, L., Dauvillier, S., Ducoux‐Petit, M., Esteve, D., Menneteau, T., Moutahir, M., Le Gonidec, S., et al. (2020) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2019102525 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Obesity-associated NLRC4 inflammasome activation drives breast cancer progression
Kolb, R., Phan, L., Borcherding, N., Liu, Y., Yuan, F., Janowski, A. M., Xie, Q., Markan, K. R., Li, W., Potthoff, M. J., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13007 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
USA endometrial cancer projections to 2030: should we be concerned?
Sheikh, M. A., Althouse, A. D., Freese, K. E., Soisson, S., Edwards, R. P., Welburn, S., Sukumvanich, P., Comerci, J., Kelley, J., LaPorte, R. E., et al. (2014) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon.14.192 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk
Donohoe, C. L., Doyle, S. L., & Reynolds, J. V. (2011) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-3-12 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Bhardwaj, P., Au, C. C., Benito-Martin, A., Ladumor, H., Oshchepkova, S., Moges, R., & Brown, K. A. (2019) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.002 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Flegal, K. M., Graubard, B. I., Williamson, D. F., & Cooper, R. S. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwq341 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Holmes, M. V., Lange, L. A., Palmer, T., Lanktree, M. B., North, K. E., Almoguera, B., Buxbaum, S., Chandrupatla, H. R., Elbers, C. C., Guo, Y., et al. (2014) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.12.014 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Metabolic risk score and cancer risk: pooled analysis of seven cohorts
Stocks, T., Bjørge, T., Ulmer, H., Manjer, J., Häggström, C., Nagel, G., Engeland, A., Johansen, D., Hallmans, G., Selmer, R., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv001 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kornelius, E., Huang, J.-Y., Lo, S.-C., Huang, C.-N., & Yang, Y.-S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75965-2 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Obesity and risk of bladder cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies
Sun, J.-W., Zhao, L.-G., Yang, Y., Ma, X., Wang, Y.-Y., & Xiang, Y.-B. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119313 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Anveden, Å., Taube, M., Peltonen, M., Jacobson, P., Andersson-Assarsson, J. C., Sjöholm, K., Svensson, P.-A., & Carlsson, L. M. S. (2017) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.02.036 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Weight management in older adults
Gill, L. E., Bartels, S. J., & Batsis, J. A. (2015) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-015-0161-z · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Aune, D., Navarro Rosenblatt, D. A., Chan, D. S. M., Abar, L., Vingeliene, S., Vieira, A. R., Greenwood, D. C., & Norat, T. (2015) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29207 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Revealing the burden of obesity using weight histories
Stokes, A., & Preston, S. H. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1515472113 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Endogenous oestrogens and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women
Key, T. J. (2011) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.029 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Obesity and ovarian cancer risk: A systematic review
Foong, K. W., & Bolton, H. (2017) · Post Reproductive Health · doi:10.1177/2053369117709225 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Cancer and Obesity: Effect of Bariatric Surgery
Adams, T. D., & Hunt, S. C. (2009) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0169-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Volkova, E., Willis, J. A., Wells, J. E., Robinson, B. A., Dachs, G. U., & Currie, M. J. (2011) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6606005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Evidence of androgen action in endometrial and ovarian cancers
Gibson, D. A., Simitsidellis, I., Collins, F., & Saunders, P. T. K. (2014) · Endocrine-Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-13-0551 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Liu, X., Sun, Q., Hou, H., Zhu, K., Wang, Q., Liu, H., Zhang, Q., Ji, L., & Li, D. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012860 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Body mass index and lung cancer risk in never smokers: A meta-analysis
Zhu, H., & Zhang, S. (2018) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4543-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
on behalf of the CHANCES consortium, Arnold, M., Freisling, H., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R., Kee, F., O’Doherty, M. G., Ordóñez-Mena, J. M., Wilsgaard, T., May, A. M., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-016-0169-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Obesity pharmacotherapy in older adults: a narrative review of evidence
Henney, A. E., Wilding, J. P. H., Alam, U., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01529-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Psaltopoulou, T., Sergentanis, T. N., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Tzanninis, I., Riza, E., & Dimopoulos, M. A. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32109 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zhao, L., Tian, X., Duan, X., Ye, Y., Sun, M., & Huang, J. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16722 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Oduro-Donkor, D., Turner, M. C., Farnaud, S., Renshaw, D., Kyrou, I., Hanson, P., Hattersley, J., Weickert, M. O., Menon, V., Randeva, H. S., et al. (2020) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2020.1801412 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prediction models in women with postmenopausal bleeding: a systematic review.
van Hanegem, N., Breijer, M. C., Opmeer, B. C., Mol, B. W., & Timmermans, A. (2012) · Women's Health · doi:10.2217/whe.12.10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nock, N. L., Jiang, H., Borato, L., Alberts, J., & Dimitropoulos, A. (2020) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-020-0124-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dittus L, K. (2015) · Advances in Obesity, Weight Management & Control · doi:10.15406/aowmc.2015.02.00021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Reeves, G. K., Pirie, K., Beral, V., Green, J., Spencer, E., & Bull, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2007-11-06
- Volume
- 335
- Issue
- 7630
- Pages
- 1134
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2099519
- OpenAlex
- W2113017183
- Cited by
- 1,507
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 102 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 37.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Keywords
- body mass index, obesity, cancer incidence, cancer mortality, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, kidney cancer, leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, menopausal status, postmenopausal women, women's health, Million Women Study
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Maternal Age, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Obesity, Parity, Pregnancy, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Age Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
