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How “Reversible” Is Telomeric Aging?
Abstract
A critical question in human health is the malleability of telomere length. Telomere length, sampled at one point during adult life, is predictive of certain types of cancer and other immune and metabolic-related diseases. We now know from basic studies that the telomere/telomerase maintenance system plays a causal role in accelerating biologic aging and promoting disease processes. One can develop short telomeres for a multitude of reasons. Historical factors such as genetics, prenatal conditions, and early adversity, contribute to adult telomere length; however, current stress and lifestyle are also associated. If these modifiable predictors are causal factors in telomere shortening, there is a tremendous opportunity to improve maintenance and possibly even lengthen telomeres with behavioral interventions. This minireview discusses our current understanding of telomere lengthening and questions facing the field. Several small-scale stress reduction/wellness studies show promising findings, suggesting that cell aging can be slowed or reversed in vivo over short periods. Moreover, possible mechanisms are discussed, that take into account actual telomeric lengthening, such as that which occurs through telomerase-mediated elongation, or mechanisms resulting in "pseudo-telomeric lengthening" as might occur from changes in cell type distribution. There is a strong need for more translational clinical to bench research to address mechanistic questions in experimental models. In addition, well-designed intervention research that examines both telomeres and potential mediators of change can further enhance our understanding of malleability, mechanism, and clinical implications of telomere lengthening. Cancer Prev Res; 5(10); 1163-8. ©2012 AACR.
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“Some individuals maintain and may even lengthen average LTL for some periods (Epel, 2012; Muezzinler et al., 2013).”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Epel, 2012
In the citing paper
“The reasons for this are unknown, but relatively long telomeres tend to shorten over time, and relatively short telomeres tend to lengthen over time, possibly due to the preferential recruitment of reparative mechanisms such as telomerase activity (TA) (Epel, 2012).”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Epel, 2012
In the citing paper
“Important caveats must be considered in interpreting LTL (Aviv et al., 2006; Epel, 2012), e.g., (a) distinguishing between telomere shortening in the individual leukocyte vs. “apparent” telomere shortening when examining average LTL, due to a re-distribution of leukocyte cell types having different telomere lengths, such as naïve vs. memory T cells;”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Epel, 2012
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, several studies reported “dose-response” relationships, with greater improvement in mental well-being or sense of purpose in life or greater adherence to the behavioral intervention, associating with larger increases in PBMC basal TA (Epel, 2012; Jacobs et al., 2011).”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Epel, 2012
In the citing paper
“These studies have generally found intervention-associated increases in PBMC basal TA (Epel, 2012; Epel et al., 2009b; Epel, 2009; Jacobs et al., 2011; Lengacher et al., 2014; Ornish et al., 2008; Schutte and Malouff, 2014b; Starkweather et al., 2014).”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Epel, 2012
In the citing paper
“In an otherwise concerning picture, findings that certain positive lifestyle changes are correlated with lowered degrees of cell aging (as indexed by LTL and/or PBMC basal TA) (Epel, 2009; Epel, 2012; Hoge et al., 2013; Puterman et al., 2010; Puterman et al., 2015) provide some encouragement, although many of the studies were small-scale, open-label or inadequately controlled.”
From Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: Underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging (2015) · cites this paper as Epel, 2012
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Self-citation
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Conklin, Q. A., Patterson, C. E., King, B. G., Zanesco, A. P., Pokorny, J. J., Álvarez‐López, M. J., Cosín‐Tomás, M., Kaliman, P., & Saron, C. D. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2023.100023 · Cited by 5
Aoki, Y., Aoki, M., & Yamada, K. (2017) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721417696672 · Cited by 3
Peña, E., Powell, T. R., Arenas, C., Cardoner, N., Rebasa, P., Luna, A., Caixàs, A., & Rosa, A. (2020) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2020.06.027 · Cited by 3
Habit Formation and Automaticity: Psychoneurobiological Correlates of Gamma Activity
Leaf, C., Wasserman, C. S., Leaf, A., Kopooshian, N., Turner, R., & Paulson, R. M. (2024) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.11.1.2 · Cited by 5
Highlights From an Expert Meeting on Opportunities for Cancer Prevention Among Older Adults
Cancer Prevention During Older Adulthood Writing Group, Epel, E., Green, P. A., Jeste, D. V., Koroukian, S. M., Lee, S., Lengerich, E. J., Marcus, M., Márquez, D. X., PROHASKA, T. R., et al. (2019) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnz037 · Cited by 3
Farhat, G., Malla, J., Hanson, L., Vadher, J., & Al‐Dujaili, E. A. S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17182974 · Cited by 2
Leukocyte Telomere Length in Children With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Raftopoulou, C., Abawi, O., Sommer, G., Binou, M., Paltoglou, G., Flück, C. E., van den Akker, E. L. T., & Charmandari, E. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac560 · Cited by 2
Is Depression Associated With Accelerated Aging? Mechanisms and Implications
Lindqvist, D., Simon, N. M., & Wolkowitz, O. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813333-0.00019-6 · Cited by 2
Taheri, M. A., Amani, L., Nabavi, N., وزیری, ع. ز., & Khalili, A. (2022) · The Scientific Journal of Cosmointel · doi:10.61450/joci.v1i6.56 · Cited by 2
Abusive Supervision as Predictor of Perceived Stress and Cyberloafing at Work
Duran, B., & Metin-Orta, I. (2024) · İş ve İnsan Dergisi · doi:10.18394/iid.1395152 · Cited by 1
Leaf, C., Turner, R. P., Paulson, R. M., Lynch, G., & Leaf, A. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06360-3 · Cited by 1
Looking Forward to 2013—Saluting the Exceptional Year in 2012
Lippman, S. M. (2013) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0469 · Cited by 1
Aging and the Recovery of Skin Function and Appearance
Sparavigna, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805376-8.00002-2 · Cited by 1
Response to ‘Regression to the mean, apparent data errors, and biologically extraordinary results’
Dershem, R., Chu, X., Wood, G. C., Benotti, P. N., Still, C. D., & Rolston, D. D. K. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.300 · Cited by 1
Laudenslager, M. L., Simoneau, T. L., Mikulich‐Gilbertson, S. K., Brewer, B. W., Kilbourn, K. M., Gutman, J., & McSweeney, P. A. (2020) · doi:10.25302/1.2020.ce.13086208 · Cited by 1
Paltoglou, G. (2025) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-03988-0 · Cited by 1
NEW ASPECTS OF MOXONIDINE USAGE IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND POSTMENOPAUSE
Dudinskaya, Е. N., Tkacheva, O. N., & Strajesko, I. D. (2014) · CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION · doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2014-6-73-77
Telomeres And Early Life Stress: A Review
Singh, T. B., Niranjan Hebbar, Y. R., Majumder, U., & Dash, A. K. (2017) · IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences · doi:10.9790/0853-1601120912
Brown, R. R. (2017) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Telomeres, aging and exercise: guilty by association?
Savage, S. A. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.732200325.793545199
The Role of Telomerase Activators in Antiaging Strategies and their Clinical Potential
Aydin, Y., & Yılmaz, B. O. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7443-4_12
تأثیر میدان شعوری فرادرمانی بر تکثیر، فعالیت آنزیم تلومراز و طول تلومر سلولهای بنیادی مزانشیمی انسان
طاهری, م. ع., امانی, ل., نبوی, ن., وزیری, ع. ز., & خلیلی, ا. (2022) · ژورنال علمی کازمواینتل · doi:10.61450/joci.fa.v1i6.116
Borghini, A., Canale, P., Sicari, R., Berardi, N., di Fagagna, F. D., Sale, A., Andreassi, M. G., Maffei, L., Picano, E., Angelucci, A., et al. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07380-3
Heritability: Genes × Environment
Sunzeri, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14465-2_9
Metadata
- Authors
- Epel, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epel, Elissa
- ORCID
- Epel, Elissa
- Venue
- Cancer Prevention Research
- Published
- 2012-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1163-1168
- ISSN
- 1940-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-6215
- OpenAlex
- W2099763564
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cancer Prevention Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG030424)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- telomere length, telomere elongation, telomerase, biological aging, telomere shortening, stress reduction, lifestyle intervention, cell type distribution, cancer risk, modifiable risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Humans, Telomere Homeostasis, Telomere Shortening
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