Theorizing the father–child relationship: mechanisms and developmental outcomes
Abstract
The aim of this article is to propose a theorization of the father-child relationship based on our current understanding of attachment, interactions between fathers and their young children, and human-specific adaptations. The comparison of mother-child and father-child interactions suggests that fathers play a particularly important role in the development of children’s openness to the world. Men seem to have a tendency to excite, surprise, and momentarily destabilize children; they also tend to encourage children to take risks, while at the same time ensuring the latter’s safety and security, thus permitting children to learn to be braver in unfamiliar situations, as well as to stand up for themselves. But this dynamic can only be effective in the context of an emotional bond between father and child; this relationship is termed the father-child activation relationship, in contrast to the mother-child attachment relationship aimed at calming and comforting children in times of stress. The activation relationship is developed primarily through physical play. It is postulated, in particular, that father-child rough-and-tumble play encourages obedience and the development of competition skills in children.
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A theoretical basis for sex differences may be found in differential roles of mothers and fathers in the development of exploratory systems in the infant and young child according to activation relationship theory.
“A theoretical basis for sex differences may be found in differential roles of mothers and fathers in the development of exploratory systems in the infant and young child according to activation relationship theory (Paquette, 2004).”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Paquette, 2004
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A Comparative and Longitudinal Study of the Behavior of Communally Raised Children
Plattner, S., & Minturn, L. (1975) · Ethos · doi:10.1525/eth.1975.3.4.02a00010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bourçois, V. (1993) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
L'évolution des soins paternels chez les primates et les hominidés
Mehlman, P. T. (2003) · Anthropologie et Sociétés · doi:10.7202/015042ar · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Parental Social Support and the Physical Activity-Related Behaviors of Youth: A Review
Beets, M. W., Cardinal, B. J., & Alderman, B. L. (2010) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198110363884 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
“This overt behavior is supported in analyses of father–child interactions, with father–child activity characterized by more physical play-type activities (e.g., rough and tumble play; MacDonald & Parke, 1986; Paquette, 2004).”
Fathers' role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model
Bögels, S. M., & Phares, V. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.011 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
“Also, fathers tend to engage infants in non-object mediated interaction, which is more physical, exciting and unpredictable (see Paquette, 2004).”
InfluentialThe Ecology of Father‐Child Relationships: An Expanded Model
Cabrera, N., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12054 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
“very thoughtful efforts, there is still no comprehensive theoretical framework to guide the next generation of research on what fathering is, why fathers parent in the manner they do, and how paternal actions directly and indirectly help determine children’s development (Lamb, 1997; Palkovitz, 2002; Paquette, 2004; Pl…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialvan der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Bögels, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01898.x · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Paternal involvement: Revised conceptualization and theoretical linkages with child outcomes.
Pleck, J. H. (2010) · Cited by 422 · see citing works
The Evolution of Fathering Research in the 21st Century: Persistent Challenges, New Directions
Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & Fagan, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12645 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“, Jeynes, 2016), as do theories that fathers and mothers serve different functions as parents, and often attribute these purportedly unique effects to evolved differences between males and females (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEvidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence
Embry, D. D., & Biglan, A. (2008) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-008-0036-x · Cited by 396 · see citing works
“…play and related martial arts training for children, as studies have shown it to reduce children’s aggressive behavior (Bjorklund and Brown 1998; Paquette 2004; Pellegrini 1992; Shannon et al. 2002) and the mechanism appears to involve alteration of brain chemistry (Panksepp et al. 2003;…”
BackgroundInfluentialSwain, J. E., Kim, P., Spicer, J., Ho, S. S., Dayton, C. J., Elmadih, A., & Abel, K. M. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.007 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
“A theoretical basis for sex differences may be found in differential roles of mothers and fathers in the development of exploratory systems in the infant and young child according to activation relationship theory (Paquette, 2004).”
Kim, S. W., & Hill, N. E. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000023 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Should Researchers Conceptualize Differently the Dimensions of Parenting for Fathers and Mothers?
Fagan, J. S., Day, R. D., Lamb, M. E., & Cabrera, N. (2014) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12044 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“, fathers being dominant in dyadic interactions) (Carson, Burks, & Parke, 1993; Paquette, 2004), although the fact that mothers and fathers both engage in RT play, with mothers often engaging in absolutely more (though relatively less) play than fathers, somewhat weakens this argument (Lamb, 2013; Lamb & Lewis, 2010,…”
BackgroundParenting and Child Development: A Relational Health Perspective
Frosch, C. A., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & O’Banion, D. (2019) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827619849028 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“For example, mothers may be the primary providers of emotional security for children via the establishment of early parent-child attachment relationships, whereas for fathers, exploration of the world may be a primary emphasis in parenting.(55) Fathers’ more stimulating play style—often involving rough-and-tumble play…”
BackgroundParenting in relation to child and adolescent vocational development
Bryant, B. K., Zvonkovic, A., & Reynolds, P. (2006) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.02.004 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
McWayne, C. M., Downer, J. T., Campos, R. D. S., & Harris, R. (2013) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2013.746932 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Given theory to suggest a unique role of fathers during early childhood (Paquette, 2004) and data indicating that this developmental period is when fathers’ involvement peaks (Yeung, Sandberg, Davis-Kean, & Hofferth, 2001), a confluence of evidence points toward the importance of understanding the…”
BackgroundInfluentialAmodia-Bidakowska, A., Laverty, C., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2020) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2020.100924 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Modeling the Dynamics of Paternal Influences on Children Over the Life Course
Cabrera, N., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. A. (2007) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888690701762027 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“Paquette (2004) emphasizes father play-behavior as central to fathering, much as nurturing behavior is to mothering.”
BackgroundJeynes, W. H. (2014) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085914525789 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“This reality largely contributes to a limited body of knowledge that exists regarding which aspects of paternal involvement help student education, and just what components of this involvement are most important (Paquette, 2004; Pianta et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInvolvement of Fathers in Pediatric Obesity Treatment and Prevention Trials: A Systematic Review
Morgan, P. J., Young, M. D., Lloyd, A., Wang, M. L., Eather, N., Miller, A., Murtagh, E., Barnes, A. T., & Pagoto, S. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2635 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Rethinking and Updating Demographic Questions: Guidance to Improve Descriptions of Research Samples
Hughes, J. L., Camden, A. A., & Yangchen, T. (2016) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn21.3.138 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Keizer, R., Helmerhorst, K. O. W., & van Rijn-van Gelderen, L. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01007-0 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Since then more studies have shown the importance of the role of the father (Grossman et al. 2002; Leidy et al. 2013; Panter-Brick et al. 2014; Paquette 2004; Vékony et al. 2004).”
ResultAdvancing Research and Measurement on Fathering and Children’s Development
Volling, B. L., Cabrera, N., Feinberg, M. E., Jones, D. E., McDaniel, B. T., Liu, S., Almeida, D. M., Lee, J., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., Feng, X., et al. (2019) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12404 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Does Father Know Best? A Formal Model of the Paternal Influence on Childhood Social Anxiety
Bögels, S. M., & Perotti, E. C. (2010) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9441-0 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“However, human males invest greater time in providing care to their offspring than nonhuman primates (Bjorklund and Shackeford 1999; Paquette 2004).”
Adolescents' Paternal Attachment and Internet Use
Lei, L., & Wu, Y. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9976 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Paternal Sensitivity and Children’s Cognitive and Socioemotional Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review
Rodrigues, M., Sokolovic, N., Madigan, S. L., Luo, Y., Silva, V., Misra, S., & Jenkins, J. M. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13545 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The risky situation: a procedure for assessing the father–child activation relationship
Paquette, D., & Bigras, M. (2010) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430903414687 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“The greater tendency of fathers towards risk-taking is also reflected in the fact that they engage more frequently than mothers in vigorous physical play with their children, especially boys (Paquette, 2004c).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Gendered Family Process Model: An Integrative Framework of Gender in the Family
Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., & Mesman, J. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1185-8 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Last, fathers engage more in physical and rough-andtumble play with their children, whereas mothers engage more in cognitive play and role playing (for a review, see Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundKim, S. Y., Chen, Q., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., & Orozco-Lapray, D. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029169 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“According to the current literature, fathering and mothering play different roles in child development: whereas mothers attend to caretaking and children’s relational needs, fathers assume the role of connecting the child with the outside world (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialTsai, K. M., Telzer, E. H., & Fuligni, A. J. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01858.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“For instance, mothers spend consistently more time with their children on a daily basis (Phares, Fields, & Kamboukos, 2009), whereas fathers’ involvement typically centers around leisure time and provision of financial resources (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundChild–mother and child–father play interaction patterns with preschoolers
John, A., Halliburton, A. L., & Humphrey, J. (2012) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.711595 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“…suggest that past findings are inconsistent perhaps because variables are conceptualised based on child– mother studies and fail to take into account the unique aspects of the child–father relationship (John & Halliburton, 2010; Lamb, 1975; Lewis & Lamb, 2003; Newland & Coyl, 2010; Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of fatherhood
Rilling, J. K., & Mascaro, J. S. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.013 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Flanders, J. L., Leo, V., Paquette, D., Pihl, R. O., & Séguin, J. R. (2009) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20309 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationLeavell, A. S., Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., Ruble, D. N., Zosuls, K. M., & Cabrera, N. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0080-8 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“Physical play is especially important to inciting and regulating children’s arousal systems, and theoretical writings note that fathers frequently engage in this form of activity (Paquette 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialRELATIONS BETWEEN COPARENTING AND FATHER INVOLVEMENT IN FAMILIES WITH PRESCHOOL AGED CHILDREN
Jia, R., & Schoppe-Sullivan, S. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020802 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Flanders, J. L., Simard, M., Paquette, D., Parent, S., Vitaro, F., Pihl, R., & Séguin, J. (2010) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9297-5 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“As a result, little is known about the impact of father-child RTP on children’s psychosocial development (Paquette 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMothers' and fathers' sensitivity and children's cognitive development in low-income, rural families
Mills-Koonce, R., Willoughby, M. T., Zvara, B. J., Barnett, M. A., Gustafsson, H., & Cox, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2015.01.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Studies of mother and father caregiving provide evidence for variation and similarity across mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behaviors with their young children (e.g., Barth & Parke, 1993; Clarke-Stewart, 1980; Cox, Paley, Payne, & Burchinal, 1999; Lamb, 1978; Parke, 1996; Paquette, 2004; Weinraub, 1978; Youngblade &…”
BackgroundDumont, C., & Paquette, D. (2013) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.711592 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the activation relationship theory (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationGreenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.08.012 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Perhaps occasional episodes of physical violence from fathers indicate other father-respondent childhood interactions with potential developmental advantages, such as greater quantity or quality of father–child play (Paquette, 2004) or fathers’ use of reasoned physical discipline (Deater-Deckard & Dodge, 1997).”
Engel, S., Klusmann, H., Ditzen, B., Knaevelsrud, C., & Schumacher, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.002 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Mallers, M. H., Charles, S. T., Neupert, S. D., & Almeida, D. M. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021020 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“In addition, men more than women often encourage children to take risks, while at the same time ensuring their safety and providing an environment where children learn to navigate through unfamiliar situations and to stand up for themselves (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundMEASUREMENT OF FATHER–CHILD ROUGH‐AND‐TUMBLE PLAY AND ITS RELATIONS TO CHILD BEHAVIOR
StGeorge, J. M., & Freeman, E. E. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21676 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Rough and tumble play quality: theoretical foundations for a new measure of father–child interaction
Fletcher, R. J., StGeorge, J. M., & Freeman, E. E. (2012) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.723439 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Both the measure of sensitive and challenging play in the SCIP scale and the proposed measure of ‘I love you and I am stronger than you’ (Paquette, 2004) have much to offer when assessing the quality of RTP.”
BackgroundCabrera, N., Karberg, E., Malin, J. L., & Aldoney, D. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21682 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Majdandžić, M., Möller, E. L., de Vente, W., Bögels, S. M., & Boom, D. C. V. D. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9774-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“These results to some extent support the theory that fathers form an activation relationship with their child in which they challenge their child to push his/her limits (Paquette 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSchoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Kotila, L. E., Jia, R., Lang, S. N., & Bower, D. J. (2013) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.711596 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“…in caregiving, popular notions suggest that fathers spend the majority of their time in ‘play’ activities with their children, and most findings indicate that fathers do spend a greater proportion of time in physical play with their children than mothers (Paquette, 2004; Yeung et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrown, G. L., McBride, B. A., Shin, N., & Bost, K. K. (2007) · Fathering A Journal of Theory Research and Practice about Men as Fathers · doi:10.3149/fth.0503.197 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Some have suggested that other theoretical frameworks may capture different aspects of the father-child relationship (see Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundFathers as ‘core business’ in child welfare practice and research: An interdisciplinary review
Zanoni, L., Warburton, W., Bussey, K., & McMaugh, A. L. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.04.018 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Mothers, fathers, sons and daughters: Parental sensitivity in families with two children.
Hallers‐Haalboom, E. T., Mesman, J., Groeneveld, M. G., Endendijk, J. J., van Berkel, S. R., van der Pol, L. D., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036004 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“The literature shows that there are notable differences between mothers and fathers in the type of interactions with children (Blakemore et al., 2009; Lamb & Lewis, 2010; Paquette, 2004; Volling et al., 2002).”
BackgroundPalkovitz, R., Trask, B. S., & Adamsons, K. L. (2014) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12048 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
An examination of parental self-efficacy among mothers and fathers.
Murdock, K. W. (2012) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0027009 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Li, X., & Meier, J. (2017) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12227 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Möller, E. L., Majdandžić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0065-7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“As another example, that mothers empathize more with their children and provide more warmth and support to their offspring than fathers, fits with the evolutionary based caring and comforting role of mothers (Bögels and Phares 2008; Paquette 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, Q., Fang, X., Zhou, Z., Zhang, J., & Deng, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075642 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“emphasizing fathers’ contribution to the cognitive and emotional development of children and adolescents [11,12].”
BackgroundRingoot, A. P., Tiemeier, H. W., Jaddoe, V. W. V., So, P., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., & Jansen, P. W. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.03.009 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Fathers are thought to encourage autonomy and selfcontrol through play (ie, rough-and-tumble play), which may prevent the development of aggressive behavior and anxiety for new situations [43].”
BackgroundMenashe‐Grinberg, A., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21678 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Downer, J. T., Campos, R. D. S., McWayne, C. M., & Gartner, T. M. (2008) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494920802010264 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…1999; Marsiglio, Day, & Lamb, 2000; Roggman, Fitzgerald, Bradley, & Raikes, 2002) and that fathering behaviors can contribute uniquely to children’s development (Grossmann, Grossmann, Fremmer-Bombik, Kindler, Scheuerer-Englisch, & Zimmerman, 2002; Lamb & TamisLeMonda, 2004; Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundChild‐father attachment in early childhood and behavior problems: A meta‐analysis
Deneault, A., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Groh, A. M., Fearon, P. R. M., & Madigan, S. L. (2021) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20434 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…finding of comparable effect sizes between child-mother and child-father attachment and behavior problems stands in contrast with activation theory (Paquette, 2004), which suggest that while child-mother attachment is central to child-mother interactions, child-father attachment is not a key part…”
ResultXu, J., Ni, S., Ran, M., & Zhang, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00626 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“This indicates that parents play different roles in children rearing and mothers are more involved in caretaking and comforting (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundMöller, E. L., Majdandžić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.026912 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Paquette (2004) and Roggman (2004) link the differential paternal and maternal role in the upbringing of their children to the attachment theory of Bowlby (1969) and Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall (1978).”
BackgroundInfluentialLawson, K. M., Crouter, A. C., & McHale, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Is father–child rough-and-tumble play associated with attachment or activation relationships?
Paquette, D., & Dumont, C. (2012) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.723440 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Parent–child RTP is a fairly recent development in our individualistic and competitive Western industrialised societies (Allès-Jardel, Schneider, Goldstein, & Normand, 2009; Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMajdandžić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2015) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12125 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“We defined CPB as a collection of behaviors in which the parent excites, surprises, and momentarily destabilizes CHALLENGING PARENTING BEHAVIOR the child (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialParent’s Social Support for Children’s Outdoor Physical Activity: Do Weekdays and Weekends Matter?
Beets, M., Vogel, R., Chapman, S., Pitetti, K., & Cardinal, B. (2007) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9154-4 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“father–child physical play (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundVreeswijk, C. M. J. M., Maas, A. J. B. M., Rijk, C. H. A. M., & van Bakel, H. J. A. (2013) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0033070 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…and the quality of father–child interactive behavior (Grossmann et al., 2002; Hjelmstedt & Collins, 2008; van IJzendoorn & de Wolff, 1997; Lundy, 2002; Paquette, 2004; Ramchandani, Stein, Evans, & O’Connor, 2005; Sarkadi, Kristiansson, Oberklaid, & Bremberg, 2008; Schoppe-Sullivan et al., 2006;…”
Associations Between Maternal Gatekeeping and Fathers’ Parenting Quality
Altenburger, L. E., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & Dush, C. M. K. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1107-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting
Geeraerts, S. B., Endendijk, J. J., Deković, M., Huijding, J., Deater-Deckard, K. D., & Mesman, J. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13426 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…children, and argue that, whereas mothers typically provide support to their children by comforting them (i.e., the traditional attachment relationship), fathers offer security in situations that are challenging and stimulating (Grossmann, Grossmann, Kindler, & Zimmermann, 2008; Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundBögels, S. M., Bamelis, L. L. M., & van der Bruggen, C. O. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930801886706 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Why fathers have these effects on mothers and not vice versa might result from evolutionary and social-cultural differences in the role of men and women in the family (e.g., Bögels & Phares, in press; Lamb, 1980; Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundFlouri, E. (2007) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00752.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Second, fathers’ relationships with their children are distinct from mother–child relations, with fathers in general encouraging their children to be competitive and independent (Paquette 2004), and spending more time than mothers in playful and physically stimulating interactions with their children (DeKlyen et al.”
Men’s perinatal mental health in the transition to fatherhood.
Singley, D. B., & Edwards, L. M. (2015) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000032 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ahmadzadeh, Y. I., Eley, T. C., Leve, L. D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., & McAdams, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13068 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Transactional relations between father involvement and preschoolers' socioemotional adjustment.
Jia, R., Kotila, L. E., & Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030245 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zeegers, M. A. J., de Vente, W., Nikolić, M., Majdandžić, M., Bögels, S. M., & Colonnesi, C. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12689 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Altogether the findings described above are in line with proposed paternal and maternal differences regarding child development and the proposed unique role of fathers in the prediction of children’s emotional development (e.g., Bögels & Perotti, 2011; Lamb, 2000; Paquette, 2004).”
Ekas, N. V., Lickenbrock, D. M., & Braungart‐Rieker, J. M. (2012) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12003 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“When interacting with their children, fathers tend to engage in more physical, rough, and tumble play (Lamb & Lewis, 2010) and have a tendency to excite and surprise their children (Paquette, 2004) more than mothers.”
BackgroundMorgan, P. J., & Young, M. D. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0275-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2021) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101467 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
van der Bruggen, C. O., Stams, G. J. J. M., Bögels, S. M., & Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C. (2010) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.665 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hazen, N. L., McFarland, L., Jacobvitz, D. B., & Boyd‐Soisson, E. (2010) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430903414703 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Several scholars of paternal caregiving have suggested that fathers and mothers may have qualitatively different roles as caregivers, and that researchers who assume that father–child attachment and caregiving is functionally the same as mother–child attachment and caregiving, only weaker and more secondary, are missi…”
BackgroundMajdandžić, M., de Vente, W., Feinberg, M. E., Aktar, E., & Bögels, S. M. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0103-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Recent theories have drawn attention toward possible differences between fathers’ and mothers’ roles (Paquette 2004) and their differential effect on child anxiety (Bo¨gels and Phares 2008; Bo¨gels et al. 2011; Bo¨gels and Perotti 2011).”
BackgroundZou, S., Wu, X., & Li, X. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01068-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“For example, children and adolescents may likely expect mothers’ calming and warm behaviors and be less tolerant of and vulnerable to fathers’ conflicting and stressful behavior (Paquette 2004; Cummings et al. 2010).”
BackgroundByrd‐Craven, J., Auer, B. J., Granger, D. A., & Massey-Abernathy, A. R. (2011) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026588 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Here, the interaction between fathers and their children are thought to momentarily destabilize the stress reactivity systems of children and contribute to their ability to manage such responses in risky situations or novel social interactions (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundAbreu, R. L., Gonzalez, K. A., Rosario, C. C., Pulice-Farrow, L., & Rodríguez, M. M. D. (2019) · Journal of GLBT Family Studies · doi:10.1080/1550428x.2019.1672232 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Although there has been an increase in research about father-child relationships (e.g., Paquette, 2004) and Latinx fathers specifically (e.g., Parra-Cardona, Wampler, & Sharp, 2006), most of this research has focused on heterosexual father-child pairs (Horn & Wong, 2014, 2016) or has failed to…”
BackgroundBeets, M. W., & Foley, J. T. (2008) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.22.3.195 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Some suggest that fathers fulfill an ‘‘activation’’ role in the overall development of their children, and this role is primarily characterized as increased levels of father-child physical play.(15) Thus, when fathers are involved with their children, this time is more likely to consist of activities requiring physica…”
BackgroundFathering in Australia among couple families with young childrenPreprint
Baxter, J., & Smart, D. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Imagining Men: Lesbian Mothers’ Perceptions of Male Involvement During the Transition to Parenthood
Goldberg, A. E., & Allen, K. R. (2007) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00370.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Women may value men’s contribution with children in terms of their higher activity level, playful interaction style, and physically arousing play (Paquette, 2004; Teti, Bond, & Gibbs, 1988).”
BackgroundDads' Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO‐D)
Anderson, S. S., Roggman, L. A., Innocenti, M. S., & Cook, G. A. (2013) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21390 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cook, G. A., Roggman, L. A., & Boyce, L. K. (2011) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2011.640559 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Some theorists have expanded attachment theory to include the role of fathers as important sources of stimulation for children's early cognitive development through their encouragement of exploration in new situations (Grossmann et al, 2002 ; Paquette, 2004 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialFathering From the Long View: Framing Personal and Social Change Through Life Course Theory
Roy, K. M. (2014) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12050 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Li, Y., Cui, N., Kok, H. T., Deatrick, J. A., & Liu, J. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01415-7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Fathers have frequently been known to excel in play-oriented activities with their children, and they tend to spend more time than mothers playing with their children (Paquette 2004).”
BackgroundWang, X.-C., Qiao, Y., Li, W., & Lei, L. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211042807 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“However, in predicting children’s outcomes, only a few studies have explored parents’ gender differences (Carson & Parke, 1996; Gaumon & Paquette, 2013; Murray et al., 2014; Paquette, 2004; Simons & Conger, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialParents who catastrophize about their child’s pain prioritize attempts to control pain
Caes, L., Vervoort, T., Eccleston, C., & Goubert, L. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.028 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Moreover, mothers are more likely to be involved in child pain control and child comforting [31,42].”
BackgroundAssociations between paternal depression and behaviour problems in children of 4–6 years
Davé, S., Sherr, L., Senior, R., & Nazareth, I. (2008) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0672-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Their involvement has positive effects on child behavioural [2, 47] and cognitive outcomes [56, 69].”
Swain, J. E., Dayton, C. J., Kim, P., Tolman, R. M., & Volling, B. L. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21471 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Theoretical work to date has suggested differences in the neurohormonal functioning of fathers versus mothers, and extant empirical literature has pointed to both similarities and differences in the underlying neurobiology of fathering, as compared to mothering (Paquette, 2004).”
InfluentialZhang, X. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.06.005 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Intrusive fathering, children's self‐regulation and social skills: a mediation analysis
Stevenson, M. M., & Crnic, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01549.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Some degree of non-punitive control is proposed to be necessary in conjunction with highly arousing fathering to promote children’s social development (Paquette 2004), yet it is unclear whether control is more indicative of directive or intrusive behaviour during play, and whether control during rough play might opera…”
BackgroundInfluentialCollova, J. R., Sutherland, C. A. M., & Rhodes, G. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000167 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“However, it is possible that males and females have different caring stances towards children (Paquette, 2004), so to be conservative we performed initial analyses separate for each sex of participant.”
Newland, L. A., Coyl, D. D., & Freeman, H. (2008) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430802352186 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“These results suggest that fathers’ physical play involvement provides a unique contribution to young children’s attachment security (Bowlby, 1969/1982; Grossmann et al., 2002; Paquette, 2004; Bretherton et al., 2005).”
ResultPan, Y., Zhang, D.-J., Liu, Y.-L., Ran, G.-M., & Teng, Z.-J. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0463-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bidirectional relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent maladjustment
Yu, X., Fu, X., Yang, Z., Zhang, M., Liu, X., Fu, Y., & Lv, Y. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.007 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fathering and attachment in the USA and Taiwan: contextual predictors and child outcomes
Newland, L. A., Coyl, D. D., & Chen, H. (2010) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430903415049 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…were associated with children’s secure exploration which suggests that fathers contribute to their children’s socio-emotional development through unique attachment provisions, specifically through encouragement of secure exploration and risk-taking (Grossman et al., 2002, 2008; Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialKhandpur, N., Charles, J., Blaine, R. E., Blake, C. E., & Davison, K. K. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.161 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…from the child development literature indicates that fathers manage, interact and play with their children differently than mothers (Craig, 2006; Paquette, 2004; Parke & Sawin, 1976) and there is some suggestion that such differences may play out in the domain of food parenting as well…”
BackgroundBureau, J., Deneault, A., & Yurkowski, K. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1589065 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Researchers argue that fathers play a crucial role in the promotion of emotion regulation and social adaptation through activation in play interaction (e.g. rough-and-tumble play) and insist on the importance to face challenges (Paquette, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNew directions in father attachment
Freeman, H., Newland, L. A., & Coyl, D. D. (2010) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430903414646 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…exploration and risk-taking by engaging young children in games of physical and social play or bonding with older children through shared interests and activities (Bretherton, Lambert, & Golby, 2005; Paquette, 2004; Cabrera et al., 2007; Grossmann et al., 2008; Newland, Coyl, & Freeman, 2008).”
Background
- Authors
- Paquette, D.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Paquette, Daniel
- ORCID
- Paquette, Daniel
- Venue
- Human Development
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 193-219
- ISSN
- 0018-716X (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0054
- OpenAlex
- W2030787081
- Cited by
- 904
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 18.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- father-child relationship, attachment, father-child interaction, maternal attachment, rough-and-tumble play, physical play, child development, openness to the world, risk-taking, affective bonds, obedience
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