The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Human Skin Penetration of Sunscreen Nanoparticles: In-vitro Assessment of a Novel Micronized Zinc Oxide Formulation
Abstract
The extent to which topically applied solid nanoparticles can penetrate the stratum corneum and access the underlying viable epidermis and the rest of the body is a great potential safety concern. Therefore, human epidermal penetration of a novel, transparent, nanoparticulate zinc oxide sunscreen formulation was determined using Franz-type diffusion cells, 24-hour exposure and an electron microscopy to verify the location of nanoparticles in exposed membranes. Less than 0.03% of the applied zinc content penetrated the epidermis (not significantly more than the zinc detected in receptor phase following application of a placebo formulation). No particles could be detected in the lower stratum corneum or viable epidermis by electron microscopy, suggesting that minimal nanoparticle penetration occurs through the human epidermis.
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Nanoparticles and microparticles for skin drug delivery
Prow, T. W., Grice, J. E., Lin, L. L., Faye, R., Butler, M., Becker, W., Wurm, E. M. T., Yoong, C., Robertson, T. A., Soyer, H. P., et al. (2011) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.012 · Cited by 873
Self-citationThe Toxic Effects and Mechanisms of CuO and ZnO Nanoparticles
Chang, Y.-N., Zhang, M., Xia, L., Zhang, J., & Xing, G. (2012) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma5122850 · Cited by 772
Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antiseptic activity and toxicity mechanism
Król, A., Pomastowski, P., Rafińska, K., Railean-Plugaru, V., & Buszewski, B. (2017) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2017.07.033 · Cited by 731
Nanotechnology and the transdermal routeA state of the art review and critical appraisal
Cevc, G., & Vierl, U. (2010) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.016 · Cited by 560
Metadata
- Authors
- Cross, S. E., Innes, B., Roberts, M. S., Tsuzuki, T., Robertson, T. A., & McCormick, P.
- Venue
- Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 148-154
- ISSN
- 1422-2868 (ISSN-L)
- 1660-5527
- 1660-5535
- OpenAlex
- W2071665819
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 21.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Human Skin Penetration of Sunscreen Nanoparticles: In-vitro Assessment of a Novel Micronized Zinc Oxide Formulation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1159/000098701
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- Cross, S. E., Innes, B., Roberts, M. S., Tsuzuki, T., Robertson, T. A., & McCormick, P. (2007). Human Skin Penetration of Sunscreen Nanoparticles: In-vitro Assessment of a Novel Micronized Zinc Oxide Formulation. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1159/000098701
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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