Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) follows the UK Brain Bank Criteria, which demands bradykinesia and one additional symptom, i.e. rigidity, resting tremor or postural instability. The latter is not a useful sign for the early diagnosis of PD, because it does not appear before Hoehn and Yahr stage 3. Early symptoms of PD which precede the onset of motor symptoms are hyposmia, REM sleep behavioral disorder, constipation, and depression. In addition, an increasing number of patients whose PD is related to a genetic defect are being described. Thus, genetic testing may eventually develop into a tool to identify at-risk patients. The clinical diagnosis of PD can be supported by levodopa or apomorphine tests. Imaging studies such as cranial CT or MRI are helpful to distinguish idiopathic PD from atypical or secondary PD. SPECT and PET methods are valuable to distinguish PD tremor from essential tremor if this is clinically not possible. Using all of these methods, we may soon be able to make a premotor diagnosis of PD, which will raise the question whether early treatment is possible and ethically and clinically advisable.
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Occasionally, tremor in Parkinson's disease involves the legs and other tremor types may occur.
“Occasionally, the tremor involves the legs and other tremor types may occur (Reichmann 2010).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Reichmann 2010
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Phenotype in patients with Gaucher disease and Parkinson disease
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“5% of individuals over the age of 60 will develop the disease.(1) The onset and progression of PD is characterized by a constellation of motor and nonmotor impairments across multiple pathways of the central and peripheral nervous systems.”
BackgroundRibeiro, G. R., Campos, C. H., & Garcia, R. C. M. R. (2017) · Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.12.018 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Provotella-derived hydrogen sulfide, constipation, and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease
Cakmak, Y. O. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26258 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Additionally, in PD patients, constipation is one of the first signs of disease.(9) Constipation may represent a conjoint mechanism underlying the increase in gut permeability to increase hydrogen sulfide absorption.”
BackgroundGarcía‐Martín, E., Pablo, L. E., BAMBO, M., Alarcia, R., Polo, V., Larrosa, J. M., Viladés, E., Cameo, B., Orduna, E., Ramirez, T., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177163 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Shaltiel‐Karyo, R., Davidi, D., Frenkel‐Pinter, M., Ovadia, M., Segal, D., & Gazit, E. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.021 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Modern treatment in Parkinson’s disease, a personal approach
Reichmann, H. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1441-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSamizadeh, M., Fallah, H., Toomarisahzabi, M., Rezaei, F., Rahimi-Danesh, M., Akhondzadeh, S., & Vaseghi, S. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060914 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Klietz, M., Schnur, T., Drexel, S. C., Lange, F., Paracka, L., Huber, M. K., Dressler, D. W., Höglinger, G. U., & Wegner, F. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10060401 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“People with PD (PwP) suffer from classical motor symptoms like rigidity, tremors, bradykinesia, and postural instability [2,3].”
BackgroundAutomatic Segmentation of Retinal Layers in Multiple Neurodegenerative Disorder Scenarios
Gende, M., Mallén, V., de Moura, J., Ciordía, B. C., García‐Martín, E., Sánchez, C. I., Novo, J., & Ortega, M. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3313392 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“A trained neurologist diagnosed PD based on standard clinical and neuroimaging criteria [52], as well as information about disease severity using the Hoehn Yahr scale [53], according to the United Kingdom Brain Bank Criteria [54].”
MethodSatué, M., Castro‐Roger, L., Viladés, E., Cordon, B., Errea, J. M., Pueyo, A., Chueca, E. P., & García‐Martín, E. (2022) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-022-02112-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The diagnoses of PD and ET were made by a trained neurologist (RA) based on the United Kingdom Brain Bank Criteria [20] and the Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (for PD and ET, respectively).”
MethodMangalam, M., Kelty‐Stephen, D. G., Seleznov, I., Popov, A. O., Likens, A. D., Kiyono, K., & Stergiou, N. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54583-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wang, C.-P., Sung, W., Wang, C.-C., & Tsai, P.-Y. (2013) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/codi.12105 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Caproni, S., Muti, M., Principi, M., Ottaviano, P., Frondizi, D., Capocchi, G., Floridi, P., Rossi, A., Calabresi, P., & Tambasco, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066834 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“PD clinical diagnosis was defined in accordance to the United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Brain Bank [31].”
MethodOral Health in Elders with Parkinson's Disease
Ribeiro, G. R., Campos, C. H., & Garcia, R. C. M. R. (2016) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/0103-6440201600881 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of Sleep Disturbances in Movement Disorders
Yousaf, T., Pagano, G., Wilson, H., & Politis, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00767 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Though PD is currently diagnosed when patients present with key motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor or postural instability (26), the term prodromal has surfaced to describe the period between the onset of motor symptoms and striatal neurodegeneration, with basal ganglia degeneration suggested to c…”
BackgroundJohnson, J. T., Fila, W. A., & Anumudu, C. K. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app151810285 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Diagnosis of PD, for instance, remains heavily reliant on clinical evaluation, according to the UK Brain Bank Criteria, along with the patient’s response to dopaminergic medications [181,182].”
Zhou, M., Wu, L., Hu, Q., Wang, C., Ye, J., Chen, T., & Wan, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.718820 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Idiopathic PD was defined by an experienced neurologist based on the United Kingdom Brain Bank criteria (Reichmann, 2010), and medical records including the duration of disease and treatment were carefully collected.”
MethodMoussa, M. A., Chakra, M. A., Dabboucy, B., Fares, Y., Dellis, A., & Papatsoris, A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Urology · doi:10.1080/21681805.2021.1990994 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Caproni, S., Muti, M., Renzo, A. D., Principi, M., Caputo, N., Calabresi, P., & Tambasco, N. (2014) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00152 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Inclusion criteria were: clinical diagnosis of PD according to the United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank criteria (13); no evidence of dementia according to both DSM-IV criteria and clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with PD, published by Emre et al.”
MethodYa, L., & Lu, Z. (2017) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.903636 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“According to the UK PD Brain Bank Criteria created in 1997 [14] and the new clinical criteria with details described by Reichmann [15], 116 patients were diagnosed with PD and their H-Y stages were evaluated.”
MethodIdentification of distinct blood-based biomarkers in early stage of Parkinson’s disease
Wu, Y., Yao, Q., Jiang, G., Wang, G., & Cheng, Q. (2019) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04165-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tanaka, M., & Vécsei, L. (2024) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-024-02812-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Yalçın, A., Atmış, V., Cengiz, O. K., Çınar, E., Aras, S., Varlı, M., & Atlı, T. (2016) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2015.0819 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder with essential tremor and the most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease [1, 2].”
BackgroundMehdizadeh, M., Fereshtehnejad, S., Goudarzi, S., Moshtagh, A., Nasrabadi, F. D., Habibi, S. A. H., & Taghizadeh, G. (2020) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2020/2793945 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Different diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease: what are the pitfalls?
Bhidayasiri, R., & Reichmann, H. (2013) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1007-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“As more information, mostly derived from clinical analysis or clinicopathologic studies about clinical features of what is considered to be ‘typical’ PD, has become available, later diagnostic criteria utilizing some of these features as supportive criteria have included certain clinical signs, natural history of the…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPetersen, J. J., Kamp, C. B., Faltermeier, P., Juul, S., Løkkegaard, A., Gluud, C., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2024) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000705 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
An update on new-age potential biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease
Soni, R., Mathur, K., & Shah, J. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102208 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Peralta, V., Basterra, V., Campos, M., de Jalón, E. G., Moreno-Izco, L., & Cuesta, M. J. (2011) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0219-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Postural instability, however, may not be relevant for diagnosing SP in schizophrenia; since in PD, this symptom does not manifest itself before the patient has reached an advanced stage [34] and its diagnostic utility has been questioned when the diagnosis still has to be established [35].”
BackgroundDeMaagd, G. A., & Philip, A. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The association between Parkinson’s disease and temporomandibular disorder
Chen, Y.-Y., Fan, H., Tung, M., & Chang, Y. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217763 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Jarras, H., Bourque, M., Poirier, A.-A., Morissette, M., Coulombe, K., Paolo, T. D., & Soulet, D. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12782 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A note on testing hypotheses for stationary processes in the frequency domain
Holger Dette, A., & Hildebrandt, T. (2011) · Journal of Multivariate Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jmva.2011.07.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Towards New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease
Finkelstein, D. I. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/954 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Esterhammer, R., Seppi, K., Reiter, E., Pinter, B., Mueller, C., Kremser, C., Zitzelsberger, T., Nocker, M., Scherfler, C., Poewe, W. H., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145493 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Normal findings on neuroimaging were long regarded as a diagnostic prerequisite of classical Parkinson's disease (PD) [1].”
BackgroundExercícios terapêuticos domiciliares na doença de Parkinson: uma revisão integrativa
Gondim, I. T. G. D. O., Lins, C. C. D. S. A., & Coriolano, M. D. G. W. D. S. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/1809-98232016019.150040 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Maremmani, C., Cavallo, F., Purcaro, C., Rossi, G., Salvadori, S., Rovini, E., Esposito, D., Pieroni, A., Ramat, S., Vanni, P., et al. (2017) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12862 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Altered Outer Retinal Structure, Electrophysiology and Visual Perception in Parkinson’s Disease
Tran, K. K. N., Lee, P. Y., Finkelstein, D. I., McKendrick, A. M., Nguyen, B. N., Bui, B. V., & Nguyen, C. T. O. (2023) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230293 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Clinical diagnosis of PD remains difficult [3, 4] and requires specialist neurological assessment of motor symptoms to determine whether an individual meets the UK Brain Bank Diagnosis Criteria [5] or Movement Disorder Society criteria [6].”
BackgroundSpatial variability and directional shifts in postural control in Parkinson’s disease
Kelty‐Stephen, D. G., Kiyono, K., Stergiou, N., & Mangalam, M. (2024) · Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100249 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The typical manifestations of Parkinson ’ s disease, including resting tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia [16,97,109,121], all relate to variability.”
BackgroundKim, J. J., Daadi, E. W., Oh, T. T., Daadi, E. S., & Daadi, M. M. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13111937 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gros, P., Mery, V., Lafontaine, A., Robinson, A. R., Benedetti, A., Kimoff, R. J., & Kamińska, M. (2015) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2015/258418 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hendriks, M., Vinke, S., & Georgiev, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1257781 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“As the disease progresses, other motor symptoms develop, including gait disturbances and postural instability (2).”
BackgroundNeuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Preclinical Data
Douna, H., Bavelaar, B. M., Pellikaan, H., Olivier, B., & Pieters, T. (2012) · The Open Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874143601206010012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Moreover, the cognitive and autonomic functions of patients become increasingly impaired during the progression of PD [3].”
Gao, J. S., Du, L., He, W., Li, S., & Cheng, L. (2016) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.12.014 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Blatt, J., Vellage, A., Baier, B., & Müller, N. G. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The diagnoses were based on current clinic criteria for aMCI (Winblad et al., 2004) and PD (UK brain bank criteria, see Reichmann (2010)) and were established by experienced neurologists.”
MethodZhao, Y., Dai, W.-J., & Liu, D. (2022) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-022-02211-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The diagnosis of PD was performed according to the published guidelines [16], including (1) progressive slowness of movements, in which the condition became obvious after a long period of activities; (2) increased muscle tone at neck and/or limbs; (3) 4 to 6 Hz resting tremor or unstable posture; (4) unilateral onset…”
MethodHigh-resolution Anorectal Manometry in Parkinson Disease With Defecation Disorder
Yu, T., Wang, Y., Wu, G., Xu, Q., Tang, Y., & Lin, L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000469 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“110 Painful defecation 2 (1-3) 3 (0-3) 0.”
InfluentialBannister, K., Smith, R. V., Wilkins, P., & Cummins, T. M. (2021) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00173-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Imaging of VMAT2 binding sites in the brain by 18F-AV-133: The effect of a pseudo-carrier
Zhu, L., Qiao, H., Lieberman, B. P., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Pan, Z., Plöessl, K., Choi, S., Chan, P., & Kung, H. F. (2012) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.05.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dual task effect on upper and lower extremity skills in different stages of Parkinson’s disease
Gülşen, E. Ö., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2022) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-022-02007-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“At the same time, disturbed balance in the retropulsion pull test constitutes a turning point in distinguishing the mild stage from the moderate stage in PD [37].”
BackgroundKhallaf, M. E., & Fathy, H. (2011) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.xme.0000398454.71337.40 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ribeiro, G. R., Campos, C. H., Câmara‐Souza, M. B., do Amaral, C. F., & Garcia, R. C. M. R. (2018) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/scd.12351 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Transcranial sonography on Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.
Chitsaz, A., Mehrbod, N., Saadatnia, M., Fereidan-Esfahani, M., Akbari, M., & Abtahi, S.-H. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Removable prosthesis hygiene in elders with Parkinson's disease
Ribeiro, G. R., Campos, C. H., & Garcia, R. C. M. R. (2017) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/scd.12251 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Obís, J., García‐Martín, E., Orduna, E., Viladés, E., Alarcia, R., Rodrigo, M. J., Pablo, L. E., Polo, V., Poves, J. M. L., & Satué, M. (2020) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia · doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20200008 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The diagnosis of PD was reached by one experienced neurologist using the United Kingdom Brain Bank Criteria(16).”
MethodAlberts, T., Antipova, V., Holzmann, C., Hawlitschka, A., Schmitt, O., Kurth, J., Stenzel, J., Lindner, T., Krause, B. J., Wree, A., et al. (2022) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins14020094 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
BAMBO, M., García‐Martín, E., Satué, M., Oliván, S. P., Alayón, S., González-Hernández, M., Polo, V., Larrosa, J. M., & González-de-la-Rosa, M. (2014) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2014/946540 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For diagnosis of “definite” PD, three or more of the following criteria were required in combination with those mentioned above: unilateral onset, progressive disorder, persistent asymmetry affecting the side of onset the most, excellent response (70%–100%) to levodopa, severe levodopa-induced chorea, levodopa respons…”
BackgroundMethodTemporomandibular joint dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: an integrative literature review
Silva, T. V. D. A., Coriolano, M. D. G. W. D. S., & Lins, C. C. D. S. A. (2017) · Revista CEFAC · doi:10.1590/1982-0216201719516416 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hu, C., Zhang, L., Luo, G., Yao, H., Song, X., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00323.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Enhanced scaling crossover detection in long-range correlated time series
Fujimoto, Y., Mangalam, M., & Kiyono, K. (2024) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals X · doi:10.1016/j.csfx.2024.100125 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Babaei, J. F., Sedighi, M., Mehrabi, S., Pournik, O., Taheri, A. S., Kamalzadeh, L., Zarei, M., Roghani, M., Golab, F., Almasi‐Dooghaee, M., et al. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.952 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Also, PD was diagnosed in the case of micrographia, visible resting tremor, hypomimia, slowed repetitive movements, impaired arm swing, and pain in muscles.(19) Patients with frequent extrapyramidal signs, more rapid cognitive dysfunction, and greater deficit in the putative neuropsychological examination of frontal l…”
BackgroundDiagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
Lingor, P., Liman, J., Kallenberg, K., Sahlmann, C., & Bähr, M. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/18987 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The test is usually considered positive, if the patient improves by at least 30 % in the UPDRS – a number which may be too ambitious in patients presenting only with mild symptoms (Reichmann, 2010).”
Walters, K. R., Armstrong, M., Gardner, B., Ambler, G., Hunter, R. M., Maydon, B., Davies, N., Atkinson, C., Brown, R. G., Rookes, T., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07700-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The trial will include community-dwelling adults (i.e. aged 18 and above) with a confirmed diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease (defined using UK Brain Bank Criteria [19]), including those with dementia diagnosed at least 1 year after their Parkinson’s diagnosis.”
MethodGu, Q., Liu, X., Zeng, Q., Guan, X., Zhou, C., Guo, T., Zhang, B., & Zhang, M. (2022) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-21-1090 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Assessing postural balance in early Parkinson’s Disease—validity of the BDL balance scale
Claesson, I. M., Grooten, W. J. A., Lökk, J., & Ståhle, A. (2017) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2017.1318424 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“An impaired pull test marks a turning point from early PD (HY stage 0–2) to complicated PD (HY stage 3–4) (Keus et al., 2014; Reichmann, 2010;).”
BackgroundDiagnosis and Management of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease
Dancis, A., & Cotter, V. T. (2015) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.11.023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mukaetova‐Ladinska, E. B. (2011) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl.11.7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease
Alkhazndar, A., Hweidy, K., Rashad, M., & Alboraie, M. A. A. (2022) · Al-Azhar International Medical Journal /Al-Azhar International Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/aimj.2022.112403.1745 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Functional and molecular early enteric biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease in mice and menPreprint
Gries, M., Christmann, A., Schulte, S., Weyland, M., Rommel, S., Martin, M., Baller, M. K., Röth, R., Schmitteckert, S., Unger, M. M., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.136556 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Christodoulou, D., Reeves, S., Carvalho, N. P., Stellman, J., & Gould, R. L. (2025) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2025.2511957 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Studies were included if participants were 1) aged 18 years or above, 2) with a formal diagnosis of PD based on Movement Disorders Society (Postuma et al., 2015) and/or UK Brain Bank Criteria (Reichmann, 2010), 3) with or without comorbid conditions (e.g. depression and/or anxiety).”
Zhou, G., Shen, Y., Chen, T., Chan, P., & Du, Y. (2013) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2013.1352 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“PD diagnosis was in accordance with the diagnostic criteria for PD of the Parkinson's UK Brain Bank.”
Controversial Issues in Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease
Chen, S.-Y., Tsai, S., & Li, S. C. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/16705 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The UK Brain Bank Diagnostic Criteria for PD is recommended for assessing all surgical candidates, although it should be noted that the early symptoms of PD, such as hyposmia, REM sleep behavioral disorders, constipation and depression may precede the obvious motor symptoms and are not included on the list [13].”
BackgroundBetter balance with somatosensory exercises : a Parkinson perspective
Claesson, I. M. (2018) · Figshare · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, R.-F., Li, Y., Zhang, H.-Y., Xu, S., Wang, Z., Han, X.-M., & Liu, B. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148173 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clinical Report on an Implant-Supported Overdenture in a Parkinson’s Patient
Barakati, T., Ghafari, E., Niakan, S., Humkar, O., Shadab, H., & Ehsan, H. (2024) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry · doi:10.2147/ccide.s462756 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Salauddin, Zaidi, S. A. A., Ubaid, M., Shamim, S., Naim, M. J., Khanna, S., & Alam, O. (2024) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715273324300241010054029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation and Parkinson’s Disease
Ros‐Bernal, F., Yuste, J. E., Tarragón, E., Ortiz, V., Gómez, A., Ros, C. M., Fernández‐Villalba, E., & Herrero, M. T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5836-4_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“PD is characterized by motor symptoms like resting tremor, slowed movement, postural instability, and muscle rigidity (Reichmann 2010); however, there are other symptoms that may include olfactory dysfunctions, urinary problems, constipation, or sleep disruptions and which can halt or even slow down the progression of…”
BackgroundKragelj, V., Georgiev, D., Pirtošek, Z., & Ribarič, S. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/934746 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Reichmann, H.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Reichmann, Heinz
- ORCID
- Reichmann, Heinz
- Venue
- Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 284-290
- ISSN
- 1660-2854 (ISSN-L)
- 1660-2862
- OpenAlex
- W2080778120
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurodegenerative Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, diagnosis, bradykinesia, postural instability, REM sleep behavior disorder, hyposmia, constipation, depression, genetic testing, apomorphine test, SPECT, PET, essential tremor, atypical Parkinson's disease
- MeSH terms
- Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Movement, Parkinson Disease, Point-of-Care Systems, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Early Diagnosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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