Beyond Calories: An Integrated Approach to Promote Health, Longevity, and Well-Being
Open accessAbstract
In 1948, the World Health Organization defined health as 'a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity'. Detractors claim that this definition of health is utopian and unrealistic. However, accumulating evidence from experimental studies suggests that aging is not inevitably linked with the development of chronic diseases, and the age-associated accumulation of molecular damage can be prevented or greatly delayed by dietary and genetic manipulations that downregulate key cellular nutrient-sensing pathways. Nonetheless, to obtain a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, we as human beings need to go beyond nutrition or pharmacological treatments and implement a combination of interventions that enhance not only our metabolic health but also our psychological, emotional, intellectual and spiritual development, our social relationships and cultural well-being. This perspective highlights a range of scientific research-based interventions that can potentially be used to promote human health and longevity. We will also briefly address the importance of environmental health in achieving this goal.
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Other lifestyle factors such as a dramatic increase in sedentary lifestyle, excessive calorie intake, psychological stress, and pollution might have contributed to the increased incidence of chronic diseases in Mediterranean countries.
“Probably, other lifestyle factors, such as a dramatic increase in sedentary lifestyle, excessive calorie intake, psychological stress and pollution might have contributed to the increased incidence of these and other chronic diseases in all these Mediterranean countries (5).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
Calorie restriction extends health span and life span only when coupled with adequate intake of all the essential nutrients and micronutrients.
“Calorie restriction extends health span and life span only when coupled with adequate intake of all the essential nutrients and micronutrients (5).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Bertozzi, B., Tosti, V., & Fontana, L.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- ORCID
- Fontana, Luigi
- Venue
- Gerontology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2016-05-14
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-19
- ISSN
- 0304-324X (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0003
- PMC
- PMC5108694
- OpenAlex
- W2353072492
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 0.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000448)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024992, M01RR000036)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- longevity, well-being, aging, chronic disease prevention, nutrient-sensing pathways, dietary intervention, genetic engineering, molecular damage, metabolic health, psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships, cultural well-being, environmental health, WHO definition of health
- MeSH terms
- Healthy Aging, Aged, Aging, Cognition, Environment, Health Promotion, Humans, Longevity, Sleep, Social Support, Exercise, Meditation, Caloric Restriction
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