Social neuroscience and health: neurophysiological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health
Abstract
Although considerable research has shown the importance of social connection for physical health, little is known about the higher-level neurocognitive processes that link experiences of social connection or disconnection with health-relevant physiological responses. Here we review the key physiological systems implicated in the link between social ties and health and the neural mechanisms that may translate social experiences into downstream health-relevant physiological responses. Specifically, we suggest that threats to social connection may tap into the same neural and physiological 'alarm system' that responds to other critical survival threats, such as the threat or experience of physical harm. Similarly, experiences of social connection may tap into basic reward-related mechanisms that have inhibitory relationships with threat-related responding. Indeed, the neurocognitive correlates of social disconnection and connection may be important mediators for understanding the relationships between social ties and health.
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A biologically plausible pathway exists by which stressors occurring in the social environment may influence inflammatory activity.
“a biologically plausible pathway exists by which stressors occurring in the social environment may influence inflammatory activity”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Eisenberger & Cole, 2012
After years of sustained engagement, these dynamics may confer increased risk for inflammation-related disorders, infection, accelerated biological aging, and early mortality.
“Finally, after years of sustained engagement, these dynamics may confer increased risk for inflammation-related disorders, infection, accelerated biological aging, and early mortality”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Eisenberger & Cole, 2012
Specific groups of older adults who might benefit from targeted loneliness interventions include those suffering from cognitive impairment and dementia, as well as the 'oldest-old' who are at heightened risk for loneliness due to decreasing opportunities for social connection.
“Specific groups of older adults who might benefit from such interventions might include those suffering from cognitive impairment and dementia, as well as the ‘oldest-old’ who are at heightened risk for loneliness due to decreasing opportunities for social connection [35].”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [35]
Loneliness is theorized as an adaptive predisposition that drives maintenance of social contact and avoidance of isolation's aversive effects.
“loneliness is theorized to represent an “adaptive predisposition” providing the motivational drive to maintain social contact and prevent the aversive consequences of isolation14,15.”
From Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Social isolation may recruit this immune response to prepare an individual for the susceptibilities of being alone, including increased need for rapid inflammatory response to bacterial infections from physical injury and reduced need for protection against socially transmitted viral infections.
“Social isolation may recruit this response to appropriately prepare an individual for the susceptibilities of being alone, which might include an increased need for a rapid inflammatory response to combat bacterial infections sustained through physical injury, but the reduced need for protection against socially transmitted viral infections15,176.”
From Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Distress disorders involve negative self-referentiality including worry, rumination, self-criticism, and loneliness.
“negative self-referentiality including worry, rumination [15, 16], self-criticism [17] and loneliness (i.e., perceived social isolation) [18, 19]”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Neural systems that regulate responses to social reward cues govern affective, motivational, and behavioral processes that promote friendship development and maintenance.
“Neural systems that regulate responses to the anticipation and receipt of social reward cues (e.g., signs of acceptance) govern subsequent affective, motivational, and behavioral processes that promote friendship development and maintenance (Bhanji & Delgado, 2014; Eisenberger & Cole, 2012; Fareri & Delgado, 2014; Vrticka, 2012).”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Eisenberger & Cole, 2012
The distinction between empathy and compassion networks is paralleled by recent neuroscientific evidence that social connectedness is associated with activations in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, whereas social disconnection is associated with activations in AI and dorsal ACC.
“Interestingly, this distinction is paralleled by recent neuroscientific evidence which indicates that social connectedness is typically associated with activations in brain regions that comprise ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, whereas social disconnection is rather associated with activations in AI and dorsal ACC (for review, see Eisenberger and Cole, 2012).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Eisenberger and Cole, 2012
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- Authors
- Eisenberger, N. I., & Cole, S. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eisenberger, Naomi I
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-04-15
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 669-674
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2004697292
- Semantic Scholar
- c95bb50ec59b9ae8d85285408ce12da2a9141fc8
- Cited by
- 590
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- social connectedness, social disconnection, social ties, physical health, neurophysiological mechanisms, threat processing, reward processing, social neuroscience, health outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Health, Health Status, Humans, Neurophysiology, Social Behavior
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