Parkinson’s Disease and Gut Microbiota
Open accessAbstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein fibrils, called the Lewy bodies, in the central nervous system. Accumulating knowledge points to the notion that α-synuclein fibrils start from the dorsal vagal nucleus and ascend to the locus ceruleus and the substantia nigra (SN). Even in healthy elderly subjects without motor or cognitive impairment, α-synuclein fibrils are frequently observed in the brain and sometimes in the intestinal neural plexus. Enteroendocrine cells have a direct synapse to the vagal afferents, and the vagal nucleus has synaptic pathways to the SN and the striatum. Intestinal bacteria are likely to be involved in the formation of intestinal α-synuclein fibrils. Summary: A nonparametric meta-analysis of intestinal microbiota in PD in 5 countries, as well as scrutinization of the other reports from the other countries, indicates that mucin-degrading Akkermansia is increased in PD and that short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria are decreased in PD. Both dysbiosis should increase the intestinal permeability, which subsequently facilitates exposure of the intestinal neural plexus to toxins like lipopolysaccharide and pesticide, which should lead to abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein fibrils. Decreased SCFA also downregulates regulatory T cells and fails to suppress neuronal inflammation. Key Messages: Therapeutic intervention may be able to be established against these mechanisms. Additional biochemical, cellular, and animal studies are required to further dissect the direct association between intestinal microbiota and PD.
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Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with the occurrence, development, and progression of Parkinson's disease.
“Growing evidence suggests the association of gut microbiota dysbiosis with PD occurrence, development, and progression [29,30].”
From Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
SCFAs-producing bacteria are reduced in Parkinson's disease.
“some evidence reported that SCFAs-producing bacteria are reduced in PD [13]”
From The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
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Gut Microbiota: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Parkinson’s Disease
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- Authors
- Hirayama, M., & Ohno, K.
- Affiliations
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Venue
- Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- Suppl. 2
- Pages
- 28-35
- ISSN
- 0250-6807 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9697
- OpenAlex
- W3196775031
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 10.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, gut microbiota, alpha-synuclein aggregation, Lewy bodies, Akkermansia, short-chain fatty acids, gut dysbiosis, intestinal permeability, vagal afferents, enteric nervous system, lipopolysaccharide, pesticide exposure, regulatory T cells, neuroinflammation, microbiota-targeted therapy
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Aged, Brain, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Substantia Nigra, Dysbiosis
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