An open label, non-randomized study assessing a prebiotic fiber intervention in a small cohort of Parkinson’s disease participants
Open accessAbstract
A pro-inflammatory intestinal microbiome is characteristic of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Prebiotic fibers change the microbiome and this study sought to understand the utility of prebiotic fibers for use in PD patients. The first experiments demonstrate that fermentation of PD patient stool with prebiotic fibers increased the production of beneficial metabolites (short chain fatty acids, SCFA) and changed the microbiota demonstrating the capacity of PD microbiota to respond favorably to prebiotics. Subsequently, an open-label, non-randomized study was conducted in newly diagnosed, non-medicated ( n = 10) and treated PD participants ( n = 10) wherein the impact of 10 days of prebiotic intervention was evaluated. Outcomes demonstrate that the prebiotic intervention was well tolerated (primary outcome) and safe (secondary outcome) in PD participants and was associated with beneficial biological changes in the microbiota, SCFA, inflammation, and neurofilament light chain. Exploratory analyses indicate effects on clinically relevant outcomes. This proof-of-concept study offers the scientific rationale for placebo-controlled trials using prebiotic fibers in PD patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04512599.
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Limited evidence from a few open-label studies suggests that pre- and pro-biotics can increase the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, reduce the abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria, and reduce levels of intestinal inflammatory markers like calprotectin.
“There is limited evidence of how pre- and pro-biotics influence gut microbiome composition and functionality, with only limited evidence from a few open-label studies to suggest that pre- and pro-biotics can increase the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, reduce the abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria, and reduce levels of intestinal inflammatory markers like calprotectin [163, 177].”
From The gut–brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [177]
The Results report that the 10-day prebiotic intervention increased putative SCFA-producing bacteria and reduced putative pro-inflammatory bacteria; the Discussion reports decreased stool calprotectin in participants with Parkinson’s disease. This paper supports those findings for a prebiotic, but does not establish the corresponding effects of probiotics or the claim about findings from several studies. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA proof-of-concept trial of prebiotic fibers in PD patients reported increased abundance of SCFA-producing species and increased plasma SCFA levels, along with improved intestinal barrier integrity and reduced intestinal inflammation.
“Importantly, the trial reported an increased abundance of SCFAs-producing species and increased plasma SCFA levels, along with improved intestinal barrier integrity and reduced intestinal inflammation.332”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [332]
A proof-of-concept trial in PD patients demonstrated that SCFAs-promoting prebiotic fiber intervention reduced plasma zonulin, indicating improved intestinal barrier integrity.
“A proof-of-concept trial conducted in PD patients has demonstrated that SCFAs-promoting prebiotic fiber intervention reduced plasma zonulin, indicating improved intestinal barrier integrity.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [332]
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Gut Microbiota and Dopamine: Producers, Consumers, Enzymatic Mechanisms, and In Vivo Insights
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Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Jin, J., Xin, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, A. (2025) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115631 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cabanillas-Lazo, M., Pascual-Guevara, M., Chavez‐Ecos, F. A., Alva-Diaz, C., Velásquez‐Rimachi, V., Mori, N., & Micheli, F. E. (2026) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000547665 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota: Role in Health and Diseases
Bhardwaj, K., Das, B., Zuo, T., & Vrati, S. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1007004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Microbiome-based biomarkers to guide personalized microbiome-based therapies for Parkinson’s diseasePreprint
Payami, H., Sampson, T. R., Murchison, C., & Wallen, Z. D. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.24305273 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sahran, N., Chong, C. W., Ismail, I. H., Taib, F., Hoo, P. S., Palanisamy, U. D., Sundralingam, U., Teh, C. S. J., Kong, Z.-X., Ayub, Q., et al. (2025) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.1163/18762891-bja00074 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Unfolding Parkinson’s Disease Through the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis”
Shenthilvel, R. K., Thangavelu, A. U., Uvarajan, D., Mathuraj, M., & Ravikumar, M. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-025-02462-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Advances in the pharmacological management of early motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD)
Müller, T. H., & Kohlhepp, W. (2026) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2026.2645845 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ravi, A., & Pan, I. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.108989 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using gut neuron health as a predictive indicator of neurodegenerative disease
Langerová, T., & Gregory, J. M. (2026) · Future Neurology · doi:10.1080/14796708.2026.2684938 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The gut microbiome and colorectal cancer
Dietz, M. A., Subramanian, S., & Staley, C. M. (2026) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00332-25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zusammenhänge zwischen Mikrobiom und Neurodegeneration
Bang, C., & Heinzel, S. (2023) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-023-01537-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Use of a Novel Passive E-Nose to Monitor Fermentable Prebiotic Fiber Consumption
Kosinski, L. R., Engen, P. A., Swanson, B. A., Villanueva, M., Shaikh, M. W., Green, S. J., Naqib, A. D., Hamaker, B. R., Cantu-Jungles, T. M., & Keshavarzian, A. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25030797 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobiome-Based Therapeutics: Emerging Trends in Health Biotechnology
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Supplementation with short-chain fatty acids and the prebiotic 2FL improves clinical outcome in PDPreprint
Hegelmaier, T., Duscha, A., Desel, C., Fuchs, S., Shapira, M., Shan, Q., Stangl, G. I., Hirche, F., Kempa, S., Maifeld, A., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.23297866 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Lee, E. J., Park, D. G., Kang, W., Shin, I.-J., Chalita, M., Oh, H., Hyun, D., Kim, H., Chun, J., An, Y., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3742244/v1
- Authors
- Hall, D. A., Voigt, R. M., Cantu-Jungles, T. M., Hamaker, B., Engen, P. A., Shaikh, M., Raeisi, S., Green, S. J., Naqib, A., Forsyth, C. B., Chen, T., Manfready, R., Ouyang, B., Rasmussen, H. E., Sedghi, S., Goetz, C. G., & Keshavarzian, A.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Nanchang University (CN)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Mercer University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keshavarzian, Ali
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2023-02-18
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 926-926
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9938693
- OpenAlex
- W4321328855
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 10
- FWCI
- 21.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Parkinson's Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01, AA026801)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R24AA026801)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG056653)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, prebiotic fiber, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, intestinal fermentation, neuroinflammation, neurofilament light chain, dietary intervention, gut-brain axis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Prebiotics
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