Effects of a Frequent Apolipoprotein E Isoform, ApoE4 Freiburg (Leu28→Pro), on Lipoproteins and the Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease in Whites
Abstract
Abstract —Different isoforms of apoE modulate the concentrations of plasma lipoproteins and the risk for atherosclerosis. A novel apoE isoform, apoE4 Freiburg , was detected in plasma by isoelectric focusing because its isoelectric point is slightly more acidic than that of apoE4. ApoE4 Freiburg results from a base exchange in the APOE4 gene that causes the replacement of a leucine by a proline at position 28. Analysis of the allelic frequencies in whites in southwestern Germany revealed that this isoform is frequent among control subjects (10:4264 alleles) and is even more frequent in patients with coronary artery disease (21:2874 alleles; P =0.004; adjusted odds ratio, 3.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 7.97). ApoE4 Freiburg affects serum lipoproteins by lowering cholesterol, apoB, and apoA-I compared with apoE4 ( P <0.05). Our 4 apoE4 Freiburg homozygotes suffered from various phenotypes of hyperlipoproteinemia (types IIa, IIb, IV, and V). In vitro binding studies excluded a binding defect of apoE4 Freiburg , and in vivo studies excluded an abnormal accumulation of chylomicron remnants. ApoE4 Freiburg and apoE4 accumulated to a similar extent in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. HDLs, however, contained about 40% less apoE4 Freiburg than apoE4. In conclusion, our data indicate that apoE4 Freiburg exerts its possible atherogenic properties by affecting the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and HDL.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Three carriers of p.Leu46Pro had the ε4ε4 genotype, forming the Apoε4-Freiberg genotype.
“In addition, three carriers of p.Leu46Pro had the ε4ε4 (homozygous for the common p.Cys130Arg variant), forming the Apoε4-Freiberg [37] (Table A2).”
From Spectrum and Prevalence of Rare APOE Variants and Their Association with Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
APOE4 Freiburg/Pittsburgh (Leu28Pro, Cys112Arg) heterozygotes tended to have higher triglyceride levels.
“APOE4 Freiburg/Pittsburgh (Leu28Pro, Cys112Arg) heterozygotes tended to have higher triglyceride levels.”
From Impact of Apolipoprotein E Variants: A Review of Naturally Occurring Variants and Clinical Features (2025) · cites this paper as [108]
APOE4 Freiburg/Pittsburgh (Leu28Pro, Cys112Arg) was found in the same year in a screening focused on hyperlipidemia and in a screening for AD.
“APOE4 Freiburg/Pittsburgh (Leu28Pro, Cys112Arg) was found in the same year in a screening focused on hyperlipidemia and in a screening for AD108, 109).”
From Impact of Apolipoprotein E Variants: A Review of Naturally Occurring Variants and Clinical Features (2025) · cites this paper as [108]
Four APOE4 Freiburg/Pittsburgh (Leu28Pro, Cys112Arg) homozygotes were reported to have various types of hyperlipoproteinemia (types IIa, IIb, IV, V), including two hypertriglyceridemic patients with coronary artery disease.
“Four APOE4 Freiburg/Pittsburgh (Leu28Pro, Cys112Arg) homozygotes were reported to have various types of hyperlipoproteinemia (types IIa, IIb, IV, V), including two hypertriglyceridemic patients with coronary artery disease108).”
From Impact of Apolipoprotein E Variants: A Review of Naturally Occurring Variants and Clinical Features (2025) · cites this paper as [108]
Cites
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E., & Maniatis, T. (1989) · UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias de la Salud · Cited by 133,589 · see citing works
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8346443 · Cited by 9,429 · see citing works
Ashburner, M. (1989) · Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory eBooks · Cited by 6,739 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol Transport Protein with Expanding Role in Cell Biology
Mahley, R. W. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3283935 · Cited by 4,028 · see citing works
Self-citationBilheimer, D. W., Eisenberg, S., & Levy, R. I. (1972) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(72)90034-3 · Cited by 1,822 · see citing works
Gyllensten, U. B., & Erlich, H. A. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.20.7652 · Cited by 1,549 · see citing works
Segrest, J., Jones, M., Loof, H. D., Brouillette, C. G., Venkatachalapathi, Y. V., & Anantharamaiah, G. M. (1992) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41536-6 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease
Austin, M. A. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.1.2 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Structure of the LDL Receptor-Binding Domain of Human Apolipoprotein E
Wilson, C., Wardell, M. R., Weisgraber, K. H., Mahley, R. W., & Agard, D. A. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2063194 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Self-citationWeisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1982) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34954-8 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Self-citationTriglyceride Concentration and Ischemic Heart Disease
Jeppesen, J., Hein, H. O., Suadicani, P., & Gyntelberg, F. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.11.1029 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Rohlmann, A., Gotthardt, M., Hammer, R. E., & Herz, J. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci1240 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Kowal, R. C., Herz, J., Weisgraber, K. H., Mahley, R. W., Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)87014-4 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationApolipoprotein E polymorphism in health and disease
Utermann, G. (1987) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90610-7 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.15.4696 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanism of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer in hypertriglyceridemia.
Mann, C. J., Yen, F. T., Grant, A. M., & Bihain, B. E. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115535 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Dong, L. M., Wilson, C., Wardell, M. R., Simmons, T., Mahley, R. W., Weisgraber, K. H., & Agard, D. A. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31797-0 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationWeisgraber, K. H. (1990) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42621-5 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Self-citationInnerarity, T. L., Pitas, R. E., & Mahley, R. W. (1979) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50713-4 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationHixson, J. E. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.5.1237 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Eichner, J. E., Kuller, L. H., Orchard, T. J., Grandits, G. A., McCallum, L. M., Ferrell, R. E., & Neaton, J. D. (1993) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90732-r · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Human apolipoprotein E. Determination of the heparin binding sites of apolipoprotein E3.
Weisgraber, K. H., Rall, S. C., Mahley, R. W., Milne, R. W., Marcel, Y. L., & Sparrow, J. T. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35898-2 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationLalazar, A., Weisgraber, K. H., Rall, S. C., Giladi, H., Innerarity, T. L., Levanon, A. Z., Boyles, J. K., Amit, B., Gorecki, M., & Mahley, R. W. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68957-4 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationBoerwinkle, E., Visvikis‐Siest, S., Welsh, D., Steinmetz, J., Hanash, S., Sing, C. F., Opitz, J. M., & Reynolds, J. F. (1987) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320270310 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Havel, R. J., Kotite, L., Vigne, J. L., Kane, J. P., Tun, P., PHILLIPS, N. R., & Chen, G. C. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci109988 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Wardell, M. R., Brennan, S. O., Janus, E. D., Fraser, R., & Carrell, R. W. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113096 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
[13] Isolation and characterization of apolipoprotein E
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., & Mahley, R. W. (1986) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(86)28073-8 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of apolipoprotein E genetic variants in lipoprotein disorders.
RALL, S. C., & MAHLEY, R. W. (1992) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1992.tb01254.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationApolipoprotein E and B polymorphisms - longevity factors assessed in nonagenarians
Kervinen, K., Savolainen, M. J., Salokannel, J., Hynninen, A., Heikkinen, J., Ehnholm, C., Koistinen, M. J., & Kesäniemi, Y. A. (1994) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)90011-6 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., Bersot, T. P., Mahley, R. W., & Blum, C. B. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111085 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationJi, Z. S., Fazio, S., & Mahley, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36849-7 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo Different Views of the Relationship of Hypertriglyceridemia to Coronary Heart Disease
Grundy, S. M. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.152.1.28 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Farrer, L. A. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Impaired chylomicron remnant clearance in familial combined hyperlipidemia.
Cabezas, M. C., de Bruin, T. W. A., Jansen, H., Kock, L. A., Kortlandt, W., & Erkelens, D. W. (1993) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.13.6.804 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Innerarity, T. L., Mahley, R. W., Weisgraber, K. H., & Bersot, T. P. (1978) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34613-6 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential distribution of apolipoprotein E isoforms in human plasma lipoproteins.
Steinmetz, A., Jakobs, C., Motzny, S., & Kaffarnik, H. (1989) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.9.3.405 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationWeisgraber, K. H., Rall, S. C., Innerarity, T. L., Mahley, R. W., Kuusi, T., & Ehnholm, C. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111287 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism with carotid artery atherosclerosis.
de Andrade, M., Thandi, I., Brown, S., Gotto, A. M., Patsch, W., & Boerwinkle, E. (1995) · PubMed Central · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Rall, S. C., Newhouse, Y. M., Clarke, H. R., Weisgraber, K. H., McCarthy, B. J., Mahley, R. W., & Bersot, T. P. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113988 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationHDLs and alimentary lipemia. Studies in men with previous myocardial infarction at a young age.
Karpe, F., Bard, J., Steiner, G. A., Carlson, L. A., Fruchart, J., & Hamsten, A. (1993) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.13.1.11 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Linton, M. F., Hasty, A. H., Babaev, V. R., & Fazio, S. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci2181 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Havekes, L., de Wit, E., Leuven, J. G., Klasen, E., Utermann, W., Weber, W., & Beisiegel, U. (1986) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00291607 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Kataoka, S., Robbins, D. C., Cowan, L. D., Go, O. T., Yeh, J. L., Devereux, R. B., Fabsitz, R. R., Lee, E. T., Welty, T. K., & Howard, B. V. (1996) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.16.8.918 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wardell, M. R., Weisgraber, K. H., Havekes, L. M., & Rall, S. C. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)30067-5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationMann, W. A., Gregg, R. E., Sprecher, D. L., & Brewer, H. B. (1989) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(89)90043-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Braeckman, L., Bacquer, D. D., Rosseneu, M., & Backer, G. D. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(95)05681-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Concentration and distribution of human plasma apolipoprotein E
Mackie, A., CASLAKE, M. J., Packard, C. J., & Shepherd, J. (1981) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(81)90166-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pocovi, M., Cenarro, A., Civeir, F., Myers, R. H., Casao, E., Esteban, M., & Ordovas, J. M. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(95)06745-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wardell, M., Rall, S., Schaefer, E., Kane, J., & Weisgraber, K. (1991) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42076-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterization of a new apolipoprotein E5 variant detected in two French-Canadian subjects
Mailly, F., Xu, C., Xhignesse, M., Lussier-Cacan, S., Talmud, P., Davignon, J., Humphries, S., & Nestruck, A. (1991) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42048-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Clearance of postprandial lipoproteins in normolipemics: role of the apolipoprotein E phenotype
Orth, M., Wahl, S., Hanisch, M., Friedrich, I., Wieland, H., & Luley, C. H. (1996) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(96)00075-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationFEUSSNER, G., FUNKE, H., WENG, W., ASSMANN, G., LACKNER, K. J., & ZIEGLER, R. (1992) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01511.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid apolipoprotein E phenotyping by immunofixation in agarose
Luley, C. H., Baumstark, M., & Wieland, H. (1991) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42040-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationDong, L.-M., Yamamura, T., & Yamamoto, A. (1990) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(90)92336-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fluorometric determination of total retinyl esters in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
Orth, M., Hanisch, M., Kröning, G., Özcürümez, M. K., Wieland, H., & Luley, C. H. (1998) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/44.7.1459 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantification of apolipoprotein A-IV in human plasma by immunonephelometry
Schwarz, S., Haas, B., Luley, C. H., Schäfer, J., & Steinmetz, A. (1994) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.9.1717 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationRare apolipoprotein E variant identified in a patient with Type III hyperlipidaemia
Wenham, P. R., McDowell, I., Hodges, V. M., McEneny, J., O’Kane, M., Jérémy, R., Davies, H., Nicholls, D. P., Trimble, E. R., & Blundell, G. (1993) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(93)90028-s · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Improvement of Apolipoprotein E Phenotyping by Isoelectric Focusing/Immunofixation
Luley, C. H., Haas, B., Bührer, B., & Wieland, H. (1992) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/38.1.168 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSteinmetz, A. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDaoud, E. W., McClellan, A., & Scott, M. G. (1992) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/38.1.168a · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Two Different Views of the Relationship of Hypertriglyceridemia to Coronary Heart Disease
Grundy, S. M. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400130054004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies
Raulin, A.-C., Doss, S. V., Trottier, Z. A., Ikezu, T. C., Bu, G., & Liu, C.-C. (2022) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis: Apolipoprotein E Genotypes and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Song, Y., Stampfer, M. J., & Liu, S. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-2-200407200-00013 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
APOE distribution in world populations with new data from India and the UK
Singh, P. P., Singh, M., & Mastana, S. S. (2006) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460600594513 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Fan, K., Francis, L., Aslam, M. M., Bedison, M. A., Lawrence, E., Acharya, V., Snitz, B. E., Ganguli, M., DeKosky, S. T., Lopez, O. L., et al. (2023) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Impact of Apolipoprotein E Variants: A Review of Naturally Occurring Variants and Clinical Features
Matsunaga, A., & Saito, T. (2025) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.65393 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Scacchi, R., Gambina, G., Ferrari, G., & Corbo, R. M. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00089-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Blokhina, A. V., Ershova, A. I., Kiseleva, A. V., Sotnikova, E. A., Zharikova, A. A., Zaicenoka, M., Vyatkin, Y. V., Ramensky, V. E., Kutsenko, V. A., Garbuzova, E. V., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252312651 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jackson, R. J., Dierksmeier, S., Nishtar, M., Meltzer, J., Balduin, F., Beaumont, B., Fan, Z., Sergienko, E., Olson, S., Jackson, M. R., et al. (2026) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.09.730809
- Authors
- Orth, M., Weng, W., Funke, H., Steinmetz, A., Assmann, G., Nauck, M., Dierkes, J., Ambrosch, A., Weisgraber, K. H., Mahley, R. W., Wieland, H., & Luley, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Venue
- Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1306-1315
- ISSN
- 1079-5642 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4636
- OpenAlex
- W2026860413
- Semantic Scholar
- 1457504114e3d9ae0d10b0a4d30b3ce99ad68544
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (79 1-1)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-41633, P01HL041633)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- apolipoprotein E isoforms, coronary artery disease, hyperlipoproteinemia, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, serum cholesterol, atherosclerosis risk, genetic polymorphism, white
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Alleles, Apolipoproteins, Apolipoproteins E, Blood Protein Electrophoresis, Chylomicrons, Coronary Disease, Eating, Female, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Germany, Humans, Hyperlipoproteinemias, Isoelectric Focusing, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Lipoproteins, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Phenotype, Receptors, LDL, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Odds Ratio, Amino Acid Substitution, Protein Isoforms, White People, Apolipoprotein E4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
