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Cited by 193Cardiovascular Health and Disease PreventionCoffee research and impactsBlood Pressure and Hypertension Studies

Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform

Mahmud, Azra, Feely, John·2001·Hypertension
DOI 10.1161/01.hyp.38.2.227
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Abstract

Caffeine acutely increases blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance, in part because of sympathetic stimulation. Its effects on large artery properties are largely unknown. In a double-blind crossover study, 7 healthy subjects 26+/-2.6 years of age (mean+/-SEM) were studied for 90 minutes while in the supine position on 2 occasions separated by a week in random order after ingestion of 250 mL caffeinated (150 mg) and decaffeinated (<2 mg) coffee. Compared with baseline, arterial stiffness measured by carotid femoral pulse wave velocity increased progressively from 7.2+/-0.41 to 8.0+/-0.6 m/s (P<0.05) at 90 minutes after caffeine intake, an effect that may be independent of changes in blood pressure. In addition, arterial wave reflection, measured by applanation tonometry from the aortic pressure waveform, also increased from -5.7+/-7.6% to 5.28%+/-5.6 (P<0.01). No such changes were seen with decaffeinated coffee intake. Although the integral of the brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressure values over the 90 minutes was larger (P<0.05) after caffeinated than decaffeinated coffee intake, the effect on aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressures was more pronounced (P<0.05) than on the brachial artery. These results show a significant effect of caffeine intake on arterial tone and function and suggest that caffeine acutely increases arterial stiffness.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/01.hyp.38.2.227

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

5 of 31 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform · p. 1

    Tolerance to caffeine's hemodynamic effects rapidly develops.

    “In short-term studies, it has been shown to increase blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance, but tolerance rapidly develops. 4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] 4. Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woolsey RL, Oates JA. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J Clin Invest . 1981;67:1111-1117. source
  • Premisecitation
    § Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform · p. 1

    Caffeine acutely increases blood pressure.

    “In short-term studies, it has been shown to increase blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance, but tolerance rapidly develops. 4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] 4. Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woolsey RL, Oates JA. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J Clin Invest . 1981;67:1111-1117. source
  • Premisecitation
    § Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform · p. 1

    Caffeine acutely increases peripheral vascular resistance.

    “In short-term studies, it has been shown to increase blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance, but tolerance rapidly develops. 4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] 4. Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woolsey RL, Oates JA. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J Clin Invest . 1981;67:1111-1117. source

      The Results report an acute rise in systolic blood pressure, and the Discussion says tolerance to that rise develops with continued caffeine use. The paper does not report an increase in peripheral vascular resistance; its Discussion instead says a direct effect on vascular resistance is unlikely to explain the pressor response (page not available in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data
    § Acute Effects of Caffeine on PWV · p. 2

    After caffeinated coffee intake, PWV increased progressively from 7.2 ± 0.4 to 8.0 ± 0.6 m/s at 90 minutes (P<0.05).

    “After caffeinated coffee intake, PWV increased progressively from 7.2 6 0.4 to 8.0 6 0.6 m/s at the end of 90 minutes ( P , 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Acute Effects of Caffeine on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate · p. 2

    Aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased significantly with time after caffeinated but not decaffeinated coffee ingestion (P<0.05).

    “Aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased significantly with time after caffeinated but not decaffeinated coffee ingestion ( P , 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10
  • May combine two claims. 11

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform · p. 2

    Aortic PWV is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in hypertension and in renal disease.

    “there is increasing evidence that aortic PWV is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in hypertension 19,20 and in renal disease. 21”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [19] 19. Blacher J, Asmar R, Djane S, London GM, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension . 1999;33:1111-1117. source
    • cites [20] 20. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, Ducimetiere P, Benetos A. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all cause mortality in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens . 2000;18(suppl 2):S82. Abstract. source
    • cites [21] 21. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation . 1999;99:2434-2439. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 4

    Aortic PWV is an independent risk factor for total and cardiovascular mortality.

    “Epidemiological data now show that PWV is an independent risk factor for total and cardiovascular mortality. 21,23”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] 21. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation . 1999;99:2434-2439. source

      The Outcome and Prognostic Impact of Aortic PWV section reports that, after adjustment, aortic PWV predicted both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The study followed patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis, so it does not establish the unqualified claim for other populations; page numbers are not supplied in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [23] 23. Kreiser WR, Martin RA Jr. High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of theobromide and caffeine in cocoa and chocolate produces: collaborative study. J Assoc Anal Chem . 1980;53:591-594. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Acute Effects of Caffeine on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate · p. 2

    There was a significant increase in brachial diastolic blood pressure but not brachial systolic blood pressure over 90 minutes.

    “There was a significant increase in brachial diastolic blood pressure but not in brachial systolic blood pressure over 90 minutes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Acute Effects of Caffeine on PWV · p. 2

    The increase in PWV remained significant after adjustment for changes in blood pressure at 30 minutes for systolic only and at 60 minutes for both systolic and diastolic, but not at 90 minutes.

    “The increase in PWV, however, remained significant after adjustment for the changes in blood pressure at 30 minutes for systolic blood pressure only ( P 5 0.02 for systolic, P 5 0.06 for diastolic) and at 60 minutes ( P , 0.05) for both systolic and diastolic pressures but not at 90 minutes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Subjects · p. 2

    The caffeine content of the 250 mL coffee was 150 ± 5 mg for caffeinated and <2 mg for decaffeinated.

    “The caffeine content of the 250 mL coffee determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography 23 was 150 6 5 and , 2 mg for caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] 23. Kreiser WR, Martin RA Jr. High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of theobromide and caffeine in cocoa and chocolate produces: collaborative study. J Assoc Anal Chem . 1980;53:591-594. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform · p. 1

    Radial artery pressure waveform is recorded noninvasively by applanation tonometry.

    “Radial artery pressure waveform is recorded noninvasively by applanation tonometry, 15 and when a validated integral transfer function is applied, 16 the aortic pressure waveform can be derived.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Kelly R, Hayward C, Ganis J, Caley J, Avolio A, O'Rourke M. Noninvasive registration of the arterial pressure pulse waveform using highfidelity applanation tonometry. J Vasc Med Biol . 1989;1:142-149.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 3

    Chronic arterial stiffness is associated particularly with increased systolic rather than diastolic pressure.

    “Chronic arterial stiffness is associated particularly with increased systolic rather than diastolic pres-”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [11] 11. O'Rourke MF, Kelly RP. Wave reflection in the circulation and its implications in ventricular function. J Hypertens . 1993;11:327-337. source
    • cites [12] 12. Breithaupt-Grogler K, Belz GG. Epidemiology of the arterial stiffness. Pathol Biol (Paris) . 1999;47:604-613.
    • cites [13] 13. McVeigh GE, Morgan DJ, Finkelstein SM, Lemay LA, Cohn JN. Vascular abnormalities associated with long-term cigarette smoking identified by arterial waveform analysis. Am J Med . 1997;102:227-231. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 4

    The cardiovascular effects of caffeine are mediated largely through blockade of both A1 and A2 adenosine receptors.

    “The cardiovascular effects of caffeine are mediated largely through blockade of both A 1 and A2 adenosine receptors. 9,10,34”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [9] 9. Smits P, Boekema P, De Abreu R, Thien T, Van't Laar A. Evidence for the antagonism between caffeine and adenosine in the human cardiovascular system. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1987;10:136-143. source
    • cites [10]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [34] 34. Daniels JW, Mole PA, Shaffrath JD, Steblins CL. Effects of caffeine on blood pressure, heart rate, and forearm blood flow during dynamic exercise. J Appl Physiol . 1998;85:154-159. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 3

    The increased PWV reflects an increase in aortic stiffness, whereas the effect on AI% may be due in part to both increased PWV and increased vascular smooth muscle tone of peripheral muscular arteries.

    “The increased PWV is considered to reflect an increase in aortic stiffness, whereas the effect on AI% or arterial wave reflection may be due in part to both increased PWV and increased vascular smooth muscle tone of the peripheral muscular arteries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion · p. 3

    The effect of coffee can be attributed to caffeine because it was not seen with decaffeinated coffee.

    “We believe this can be attributed to caffeine because the effect was not seen with decaffeinated coffee.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Decaffeinated coffee is an appropriate control that does not itself affect arterial stiffness or blood pressure.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § Statistical Analysis · p. 2

    The analysis adjusted for changes in blood pressure at the time they were measured.

    “Because blood pressure influences arterial hemodynamic parameters, we made a complementary analysis on these variables from baseline over time, adjusting for changes in blood pressure at the time they were measured.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § PWV Measurements · p. 2

    The small margin of error in carotid-femoral PWV due to opposite flow direction in the carotid artery is insignificant.

    “Because the direction of blood flow in the carotid artery is opposite that in the aorta, there is a small margin of error, which is considered insignificant. 27”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] 27. Asmar R. Arterial Stiffness and Pulse Wave Velocity: Clinical Applications . New York, NY: Elsevier; 1999:37-38.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform · p. 2

    Long-term coffee consumption may increase systolic blood pressure.

    “A recent meta-analysis suggests that long-term coffee consumption may increase systolic blood pressure. 3”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] 3. Jee SH, He J, Whelton PK, Suh I, Klag MJ. The effect of chronic coffee drinking on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Hypertension . 1999;33:647-652. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Subjects · p. 2

    The study was randomized, double-blind, crossover.

    “Subjects received 250 mL freshly brewed caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee in a randomized, double-blind, crossover protocol on 2 separate days $ 1 week apart.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion · p. 4

    Caffeine acutely stiffens the aorta and impedes the function of peripheral muscular arteries, which may be an additional vascular mechanism for the hypertensive effect of caffeine.

    “The main novel finding in our study is that caffeine acutely stiffens the aorta and impedes the function of the peripheral muscular arteries, which may be an additional vascular mechanism for the hypertensive effect of caffeine.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion · p. 3

    This study demonstrates an acute effect of coffee on aortic waveform, blood pressure, and vascular stiffness.

    “This study demonstrates an acute effect of coffee on aortic waveform, blood pressure, and vascular stiffness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Deviation of the Aortic Pressure Waveform · p. 2

    The validity of the derived AI% has been confirmed by simultaneous direct central aortic measurements and is highly reproducible in both healthy and diseased populations.

    “The validity of the derived AI% has been confirmed by simultaneous direct central aortic measurements and is highly reproducible in both healthy and diseased populations. 25,26”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] 25. Wilkinson IB, Fuchs SA, Jansen IM, Spratt JC, Murray GD, Cockroft JR, Webb DJ. Reproducibility of pulse wave velocity and augmentation index measured by pulse wave analysis. J Hypertens . 1988;16(pt 2):2079-2084.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [26] 26. Siebenhofer A, Kemp CRW, Sutton AJ, Williams B. The reproducibility of central aortic blood pressure measurements in healthy subjects using source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 4

    The pressor effect on peripheral blood pressure was smaller than in some other studies, attributable largely to the 150 mg dose.

    “We also noted a pressor effect on peripheral blood pressure, the magnitude of which is smaller than that seen in some other studies. This can be attributed largely to the dose (150 mg) administered.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data
    § Discussion · p. 4

    The results are internally consistent because surrogate markers of vascular stiffness were measured simultaneously by two independent methods, applanation tonometry and PWV.

    “Furthermore, the results are internally consistent because the surrogate markers of vascular stiffness were measured simultaneously by 2 independent methods, applanation tonometry and PWV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
19 of 19

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The acute effects of caffeine on large artery properties are not described in the literature.

    “The acute effects of caffeine on large artery properties, however, are not described.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Decaffeinated coffee is an appropriate control that does not itself affect arterial stiffness or blood pressure.

    “We believe this can be attributed to caffeine because the effect was not seen with decaffeinated coffee.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Caffeine ingestion increases aortic systolic blood pressure, aortic diastolic blood pressure, augmentation pressure, augmentation index and augmentation index normalized at 75 bpm, and decreases time of the reflected wave.

    “These changes include an increase in aortic systolic (ASBP), diastolic (ADBP) blood pressure, AP, AIx and AIx@75,15,17,19,21 as well as a decrease in the time of the reflected wave (Tr).15”

    From The Effects of Caffeine and Resistance Exercise on Pulse Wave Reflection in Resistance-Trained Women (2025) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Results (p. 2) report significant increases in aortic systolic and diastolic pressure and in augmentation index after caffeinated coffee. Our copy does not report increases in augmentation pressure or augmentation index normalized to 75 bpm, or a decrease in reflected-wave time. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Caffeine consumption alone has been reported to increase aortic blood pressure, even with variations in dosage and types of caffeine consumption.

    “This result is intriguing such that even in the absence of acute RE, caffeine consumption alone has been reported to increase aortic BP, even with variations in dosage and types of caffeine consumption (i.e., caffeine supplement powder, caffeine gum, or coffee/espresso drinks).15,17,19,29”

    From The Effects of Caffeine and Resistance Exercise on Pulse Wave Reflection in Resistance-Trained Women (2025) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Acute Effects of Caffeine on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate section (p. 2) reports that aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressure rose after caffeinated coffee but not decaffeinated coffee. The study tested one caffeinated-coffee dose (150 mg; p. 1), so it does not establish the claim across varying doses or caffeine supplement powder, gum, and espresso. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Acute caffeine ingestion transiently increases aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx), with peak effects typically occurring 30-60 min after ingestion.

    “Vlachopoulos et al. [71] and Mahmud [72] showed that acute caffeine ingestion transiently increases aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx), with peak effects typically occurring 30–60 min after ingestion.”

    From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [72]

    The Acute Effects sections (p. 2) report increases in carotid-femoral PWV and augmentation index after caffeinated coffee. But PWV increased progressively through the final measurement at 90 minutes, rather than peaking at 30–60 minutes. The study did not measure beyond 90 minutes to establish when the effects subsided. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Young, healthy women have an increased resting augmentation index normalized at 75 bpm and left ventricular wasted energy, with significantly reduced subendocardial viability ratio, compared to men.

    “Furthermore, it has also been suggested that young, healthy women have an increased resting AIx@75 and ΔEw,16 with significantly reduced SEVR,17 compared to men.”

    From The Effects of Caffeine and Resistance Exercise on Pulse Wave Reflection in Resistance-Trained Women (2025) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Subjects section (p. 2) reports seven healthy volunteers, four female, but the Results section (p. 2) compares baseline values between study days, not between women and men. Searches for sex differences, heart-rate-normalized augmentation index, left ventricular wasted energy, and SEVR found no passage addressing the claimed differences. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • All available studies in healthy individuals report a significant adverse effect of caffeine at doses of 100-250 mg on one or more measures of arterial compliance, denoting an increase in arterial stiffness, accompanied by a simultaneous increase in one or more measures of blood pressure.

    “All studies available in healthy individuals (Mahmud and Feely, 2001;Vlachopoulos et al., 2003Vlachopoulos et al., , 2006;;Hartley et al., 2004;Karatzis et al., 2005;Swampillai et al., 2006) reported a significant adverse effect of caffeine (in supplements, coffee or tea) at doses of 100-250 mg on one or more measures of arterial compliance”

    From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Mahmud and Feely, 2001

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • PWV calculation has the inverse of its stated units

    Minor

    The described calculation divides a time delay by a distance, producing time per distance. The paper reports PWV in distance per time (m/s).

  • Age uncertainties do not agree

    Minor

    With seven subjects, an age SEM of 2.6 years implies an SD of about 6.9 years, not the reported 6 years. Rounding the SD to a whole year does not account for the difference.

  • Different baseline augmentation-index values

    Minor

    The abstract gives the baseline augmentation index as −5.7%, while the Results section gives −5.1% for the same change over 90 minutes.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. 10.1161/hyp.33.2.647 · DOI
  2. Kelly R, Hayward C, Ganis J, Caley J, Avolio A, O’Rourke M. Non-invasive registration of the arterial pressure pulse waveform using high-fidelity applanation tonometry. J Vasc Med Biol. 1989; 1: 142–149.
  3. O’Rourke M. Arterial stiffening and ventricular/vascular interaction. J Hum Hypertens. 1994; 8 (suppl 1): S1–S15.
  4. 10.1161/circ.100.4.354 · DOI
  5. 10.1161/hyp.33.5.1111 · DOI
  6. 10.1161/circ.99.18.2434 · DOI
  7. Gilbert RM. Caffeine consumption.In: Siller GA ed. The Methyl-Xanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry Consumption and Health Effects. New York NY: Alan R Liss; 1984: 185–214.
  8. Asmar R. Arterial Stiffness and Pulse Wave Velocity: Clinical Applications. New York NY: Elsevier; 1999: 37–38.
  9. 10.1161/hyp.26.3.485 · DOI
  10. 10.1161/hyp.36.1.137 · DOI

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Mahmud, A., & Feely, J.
Affiliations
St. James's Hospital (IE)
ORCID
Mahmud, Azra
Venue
Hypertension
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2001-08
Volume
38
Issue
2
Pages
227-231
ISSN
  • 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
  • 1524-4563
DOI
10.1161/01.hyp.38.2.227
OpenAlex
W2163186610
Cited by
192
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 8
FWCI
5.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Hypertension (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Keywords
caffeine, arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, aortic pressure waveform, wave reflection, applanation tonometry, coffee, blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, sympathetic stimulation, large artery function
MeSH terms
Adult, Aorta, Arteries, Blood Pressure, Brachial Artery, Caffeine, Carotid Arteries, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Pulsatile Flow, Cross-Over Studies

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