Cited by 424Food Chemistry and Fat AnalysisPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesNitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects

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Cocoa and Cardiovascular Health

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Corti, Roberto, Flammer, Andreas J., Hollenberg, Norman K., Lüscher, Thomas F.·2009·Circulation

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Abstract

Epidemiological data demonstrate that regular dietary intake of plant-derived foods and beverages reduces the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Among many ingredients, cocoa might be an important mediator. Indeed, recent research demonstrates a beneficial effect of cocoa on blood pressure, insulin resistance, and vascular and platelet function. Although still debated, a range of potential mechanisms through which cocoa might exert its benefits on cardiovascular health have been proposed, including activation of nitric oxide and antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. This review summarizes the available data on the cardiovascular effects of cocoa, outlines potential mechanisms involved in the response to cocoa, and highlights the potential clinical implications associated with its consumption.

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Crossref · 10.1161/circulationaha.108.827022

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Background
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“Chocolate was promoted for its health benefits: antioxidant properties and reduced formation of free radicals [3,4].”
Background
Unveiling the Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Bioactive Compounds from Plants with Sedative and Mood-Modulating Properties: Innovative Approaches for the Prevention of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases
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“Additionally, cocoa offers cardiovascular benefits by reducing arterial stiffness, lowering triglycerides, enhancing nitric oxide synthase activity [52], and reducing oxidative stress and platelet reactivity [53].”
The impact of dark chocolate intake on arterial elasticity in individuals with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial
Teixeira, A. M. N. D. C., Luzia, L. A., Souza, S. J., Petrilli, A. A., Pontilho, P. D. M., de Souza, J. M. P., Segurado, A. A. C., Efraim, P., Picone, C. D. M., & Rondó, P. H. D. C. (2017) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c6fo01681b · Cited by 9
Antifibrotic Effects of (−)-Epicatechin on High Glucose Stimulated Cardiac Fibroblasts
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“22 Steinhaus et al. , reported on the association between chocolate consumption and heart failure in a large (31,917) population of men in Sweden.”
Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Neves, M. F., Virdis, A., Sanjuliani, A. F., & Tibiriçá, E. V. (2013) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2013/634798 · Cited by 9
Ocimum basilicum L. : A Systematic Review on Pharmacological Actions and Molecular Docking Studies for Anticancer Properties
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“Several flavonoid characteristics, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet activity, and cardio-protective effects (Corti et al ., 2009).”
Background
Effect of Annurca Apple Polyphenols on Intermittent Claudication in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease
Tenore, G. C., D’Avino, M., Caruso, D., Buonomo, G., Acampora, C., Caruso, G., Simone, C., Ciampaglia, R., & Novellino, E. (2018) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.11.034 · Cited by 8
The Role of Chocolate Web-Based Communication in a Regional Context: Its Implication for Open Innovation
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“In addition, recognition of the connection between cocoa and health—due to the presence of flavonoids in cocoa, which are associated with health benefits such as lowering blood pressure and improving blood cholesterol levels—has led to an increasing consumption of dark chocolate in recent years [14,15].”
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Herbal Remedies
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The comparison of resilience and spirituality in addicted and non-addicted women
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Retracted
Clinical Benefits of Cocoa: An Overview
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Identification of O-methyl-(−)-epicatechin-O-sulphate metabolites by mass-spectrometry after O-methylation with trimethylsilyldiazomethane
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Inhibitory Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin on Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
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“These plant-derived foods contain large amount of polyphenols that impact biological functions [15].”
Predict the Shelf Life of Instant Chocolate in Vacuum Packing by Using Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT)
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Chocolate in health and disease
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“[45] proposed that flavanols, especially epicatechin, was the compound in cocoa responsible for the lower BP.”
Background
Trending Nutrition Controversies #3: Top Controversies in 2021
Aggarwal, M., Freeman, A. M., Ros, E., Allen, K., Sikand, G., Aspry, K. E., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Devries, S. R., Reddy, K. R., Singh, T. K., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.07.046 · Cited by 6
Plant and Food Waste as a Source of Therapeutic Compounds
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The Mysterious Light of Dark Chocolate
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CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF DARK CHOCOLATE IN MODERATE CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS
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“[10, 11] More than 35% of chatechins are (-)-epicathechin.”
Background
Polyphenols Have No Impact on Endothelial Function in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Trzépizur, W., Bironneau, V., Recoquillon, S., Priou, P., Meslier, N., Hamel, J., Henni, S., Darsonval, A., Messaoudi, K., Martínez, M. C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy005 · Cited by 7
Association between chocolate consumption frequency and heart rate variability indices
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(−)-Epicatechin Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis in a Female Rat Model of Pre-Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Bustamante-Pozo, M. M., Ramírez‐Sánchez, I., Garate‐Carrillo, A., Ito, B. R., Navarrete-Yañez, V., Haro, M., Garcia, R., Carson, N., Ceballos, G. M., & Villarreal, F. J. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2021.0158 · Cited by 6
Chocolate and Its Component's Effect on Cardiovascular Disease
Patel, K., & WATSON, R. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811279-3.00021-5 · Cited by 6
Vascular and Platelet Effects of Cocoa
Sudano, I., Flammer, A. J., Noll, G., & Corti, R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2038-2_8 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Effets du chocolat sur la physiologie et les pathologies cardiovasculaires
Paillard, F. (2014) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2014.05.005 · Cited by 5
Short Term Effects of Cocoa Consumption on Blood Pressure
Alleyne, T. A., Alleyne, A., Arrindell, D., Balleram, N., Cozier, D., Haywood, R., Humphrey, C., Pran, L., Rampersad, K., Reyes, D. L., et al. (2014) · West Indian Medical Journal · doi:10.7727/wimj.2013.273 · Cited by 5
“Within the last decade, flavonol-rich chocolate and cocoa products have attracted interest as nonpharmacological treatment options for high BP (16, 17).”
Background
Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Thrombin-Stimulated Platelets by Almond by-Product
Meshkini, A. (2017) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-016-9801-0 · Cited by 5
Acute Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Blood Pressure and Peripheral Vascular Reactivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Essential Hypertension: A Protocol for an Acute, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Trial
Tanghe, A., Celie, B. M., Shadid, S., Rietzschel, E. R., Roodt, J. O. ’., Reesink, K. D., Heyman, E., & Calders, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.602086 · Cited by 5
“Study data will be pseudonymized, collected, and managed using REDCap, a secure, GDPR-proofed, web-based software platform designed to support data capture for research studies, providing (1) an intuitive interface for validated data capture, (2) audit trails for tracking data manipulation and export procedures, (3) a…”
Method
Comparative study of cytotoxic and cytoprotective activities of cocoa products affected by their cocoa solids content and bioactive composition
Belščak‐Cvitanović, A., Durgo, K., Gačina, T., Horžić, D., Franekić, J., & Komes, D. (2011) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-011-1632-4 · Cited by 5
“Because of the limitations of the data available so far, studies should provide detailed information about the chocolate product used, and the exact content in polyphenols, especially flavanols [19].”
Background
Chocolate consumption and risk of stroke: A prospective cohort of men and meta-analysis
Walters, M. R., Williamson, C., Lunn, K., & Munteanu, G. A. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000428365.81656.e0 · Cited by 5
Impact of Polyphenol-Rich Chocolate on Microbial Diversity and Human Health: A Comprehensive Review
Chatterjee, A., Chatterjee, P., Irani, R., Ghosh, S., Basu, B., & Prajapati, B. G. (2025) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/0115734013332631250130115501 · Cited by 5
REVIEW: ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF FENUGREEK (TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM LINN.) IN CARDIOPROTECTION
Hanafi, N. I., Saidan, N. H., Mohamed, M., Sirajudeen, K. N. S., Gan, S. H., Zaman, K. A. K. P., & Pasupuleti, V. R. (2022) · Jurnal Teknologi · doi:10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.17542 · Cited by 4
Qué sabe usted acerca de...Cacao
Jorge de Jesús Morales, J., Adriana García, J., & Enrique Méndez, B. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 4
Cocoa Consumption and Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases and Other Chronic Diseases
Gvozdjáková, A., Singh, R., Singh, R. B., Takahashi, T., Fedačko, J., Hristová, K., Wilczyńska, A., Mojtová, M., & Mojto, V. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813148-0.00019-0 · Cited by 4

Authors: Corti, R., Flammer, A. J., Hollenberg, N. K., & Lüscher, T. F.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
From the Cardiovascular Center, Cardiology University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (R.C., A.J.F., T.F.L.), and Department of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (N.K.H.).
ORCID: Corti, Roberto
Flammer, Andreas J.
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2009-03-17
Volume: 119
Issue: 10
Pages: 1433-1441
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.827022
OpenAlex: W2105296434
Cited by: 424
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 5.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.zora.uzh.ch
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Chemistry and Fat Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Keywords: Theobroma cacao, cardiovascular health, coronary artery disease, stroke, blood pressure, insulin resistance, vascular function, platelet function, nitric oxide, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, plant-based foods
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Antioxidants, Beverages, Cacao, Catechin, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Flavonoids, Food Handling, Heart Diseases, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Hypertension, Indians, Central American, Insulin Resistance, Iowa, Male, Phytotherapy, Medicine, Traditional, Middle Aged, Nitric Oxide, Platelet Aggregation, Switzerland, Overweight

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