Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Apparent Treatment Resistant Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: Report From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study
Open accessAbstract
The association between apparent treatment resistant hypertension (ATRH) and clinical outcomes is not well studied in chronic kidney disease. We analyzed data on 3367 hypertensive participants in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) to determine prevalence, associations, and clinical outcomes of ATRH in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients. ATRH was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg on ≥3 antihypertensives, or use of ≥4 antihypertensives with blood pressure at goal at baseline visit. Prevalence of ATRH was 40.4%. Older age, male sex, black race, diabetes mellitus, and higher body mass index were independently associated with higher odds of having ATRH. Participants with ATRH had a higher risk of clinical events than participants without ATRH—composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, congestive heart failure (CHF), and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.38 [1.22–1.56]); renal events (1.28 [1.11–1.46]); CHF (1.66 [1.38–2.00]); and all-cause mortality (1.24 [1.06–1.45]). The subset of participants with ATRH and blood pressure at goal on ≥4 medications also had higher risk for composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, CHF, and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], (1.30 [1.12–1.51]) and CHF (1.59 [1.28–1.99]) than those without ATRH. ATRH was associated with significantly higher risk for CHF and renal events only among those with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥30 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 . Our findings show that ATRH is common and associated with high risk of adverse outcomes in a cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease. This underscores the need for early identification and management of patients with ATRH and chronic kidney disease.
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Around 40% of patients with chronic kidney disease have resistant hypertension, which does not respond to standard treatments.
“Around 40% of patients with CKD have resistant hypertension103, which does not respond to standard treatments.”
From Renal nerves in physiology, pathophysiology and interoception (2025) · cites this paper as [103]
The Results report apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in 40.4% of hypertensive participants in the CRIC cohort, not 40% of all patients with CKD. They also report that 47.5% of those classified as having it had blood pressure at goal on four or more medications, so the claim that it does not respond to treatment does not describe the whole group. The source calls the condition 'apparent' because it could not exclude causes of apparent resistance. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe mechanism by which canagliflozin and other SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood pressure is likely multifactorial, with differing contributing factors in people with and without chronic kidney disease.
“The mechanism by which canagliflozin and other SGLT2 inhibitors lower BP is likely multifactorial with differing contributing factors in people with and without CKD.8,23”
From Blood Pressure Effects of Canagliflozin and Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights From the CREDENCE Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
Among treated adults with hypertension, prevalent apparent treatment-resistant hypertension occurs in 15% to 18% of clinic-based samples.
“Among treated adults with hypertension, prevalent aTRH occurs in ≈12% to 15% of population-based13–16 and 15% to 18% of clinic-based reports.17–20”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Prevalent apparent treatment-resistant hypertension occurs in a higher percentage of population- and clinic-based samples when an at-risk group is selected, such as patients with treated hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
“Prevalent aTRH occurs in a higher percentage of the population- and clinic-based samples when an at-risk group is selected, for example, patients with treated hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD).16,19”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In patients with chronic kidney disease, resistant hypertension is associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, and all-cause mortality compared with patients without resistant hypertension.
“In patients with CKD, RH is associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, and all-cause mortality compared with patients without RH.19”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Among hypertensives with chronic kidney disease, increasing levels of obesity are independently associated with higher risks of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension, ranging from an odds ratio of 1.52 for BMI ≥30 kg/m2 to 2.26 for BMI ≥40 kg/m2.
“Even among 3367 hypertensives with CKD, increasing levels of obesity were independently associated with higher risks of aTRH, ranging from an odds ratio of 1.52 (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) to 2.26 (BMI ≥40 kg/m2).19”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension was more common in patients with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, including 22.3% with eGFR >60 mL⋅min−1⋅1.73 m−2, 39.4% with eGFR of 0 to 60 mL⋅min−1⋅1.73 m−2, and 54.2% in those with eGFR <30 mL⋅min−1⋅1.73 m−2.
“aTRH was more common in patients with lower eGFR, including 22.3% with eGFR >60 mL⋅min−1⋅1.73 m−2, 39.4% with eGFR of 0 to 60 mL⋅min−1⋅1.73 m−2, and 54.2% in those with eGFR <30 mL⋅min−1⋅1.73 m−2.”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Doubling of proteinuria was associated with a higher likelihood of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.16-1.42).
“Doubling of proteinuria was associated with a higher likelihood of aTRH with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.16–1.42).”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension was present in 40% of CRIC participants and was associated with higher cardiovascular event rates and mortality whether blood pressure was uncontrolled (≥140/90 mm Hg) with 3 antihypertensive agents (52.5%) or controlled with ≥4 agents (47.5%).
“aTRH was present in 40% and was associated with higher cardiovascular event rates and mortality whether BP was uncontrolled (≥140/90 mm Hg) with 3 antihypertensive agents (52.5%) or controlled with ≥4 agents (47.5%).19”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
There were 14% higher odds of having apparent treatment-resistant hypertension for every 5-mL⋅min−1⋅1.73 m−2 decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (adjusted odds ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.10-1.17).
“This trend was quantified as 14% higher odds of having aTRH for every 5–mL⋅min−1⋅1.73 m−2 decrease in eGFR (adjusted odds ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.10–1.17).”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Thomas, G., Xie, D., Chen, H.-Y., Anderson, A. H., Appel, L. J., Bodana, S., Brecklin, C. S., Drawz, P., Flack, J. M., Miller, E. R., Steigerwalt, S. P., Townsend, R. R., Weir, M. R., Wright, J. T., & Rahman, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 387-396
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- PMC
- PMC4713320
- OpenAlex
- W2214725575
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000114, UL1TR000433, UL1TR000424, UL1TR000003, UL1TR000439)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P30GM103337)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK060990, R01DK139225, U01DK060984, U01DK060902, U01DK060980, U01DK061022, U01DK060963, U01DK061021, U01DK061028)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000080, UL1RR024131, M01RR016500, UL1RR029879, M01RR 16500)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
- Keywords
- apparent treatment-resistant hypertension, chronic kidney disease, hypertension prevalence, congestive heart failure, all-cause mortality, renal events, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, antihypertensive medication use, estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRIC, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
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