Neural Correlates of Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation

“Whereas the dorsal sector of the MPFC was activated commonly for all types of regulation tasks regardless of emotion type, the ventral part of the MPFC (BA 10), a region associated with self-referential processing and evaluation of internally generated information ( Kelly, Macrae, Wyland, Inati, & Heatherton, 2002; Cr…”

“…and can operate intra-cortically to reduce the activation of other networks such as the hippocampus in directed forgetting (Hulbert et al., 2016), a language network in bilinguals (Kroll et al., 2008; Levy et al., 2007) or the limbic system in emotional reappraisal (Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“This may be due to the additional recruitment of emotion regulatory signals from the PFC during the perception of neutral adult faces, that may converge on the amygdala and dampen its response (Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“2008; Kim and Hamann 2007; McRae et al.”

“This is likely to occur if emotions depend on the contents of thoughts encoded in brain appraisal systems: Activity could support positive or negative outcomes depending on the nature of the appraisal (Kim and Hamann, 2007; Wager et al., 2008; Urry et al., 2009; Buhle et al., 2014).”

“The ability to regulate emotional responses to aversive events is important for mental and physical health as well as social interaction [30].”

“It should also be mentioned that other reappraisal studies have occasionally observed lateralized activation patterns in some contrasts (e.g., Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Urry et al., 2006; Eippert et al., 2007; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Walter et al., 2009; Erk et al., 2010), although these studies did…”

“Seed regions were then placed within these areas for subsequent functional connectivity psycho--physiological interaction (PPI) analyses on the primary data set (Friston et al. 1997; Mattfeld and Stark 2011).”

“Neuroimaging studies have revealed correlations between cognitive regulation of emotions and neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) (Beauregard et al., 2001; Lévesque et al., 2003; Ochsner et al., 2002; Ochsner et al., 2004; Phan et al., 2004; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Delgado et al., 2008).”

“These regions are also critical for other kinds of affective appraisals, including voluntary emotion regulation (Beauregard, Levesque, and Bourgouin 2001; Ochsner, et al. 2002,2004; Goldin, et al. 2008; Kim and Hamann 2007), reward and punishment prediction and prediction errors (Hornak, et al.”

“5A), including the IFG, dorsal ACC, and anterior insular cortex, regions associated with various aspects of emotion regulation (Ochsner et al., 2004; Eippert et al., 2007; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Domes et al., 2010; Li et al., 2018).”

“regions identified by fMRI using emotion regulation tasks [12,23,42,43,44].”

“…of regulation between social differed from more recent fMRI studies on emotion regulation (Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Goldin et al., 2008; McRae et al., 2010; Kanske et al., 2011; Vrticka et al., 2011; Blechert et al., 2012; Payer et al., 2012),…”

“For example, imaging studies have shown that reappraisal activates systems appearing to modulate activity in neural systems associated with emotional responding, such as the amygdala (Beauregard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004; Levesque et al., 2003; Kalisch et al., 2005; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Phan et al.,…”

“Moreover, the right lateral PFC has been shown to be unique to down-regulating negative emotions (Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“Practicing mindfulness typically consists of focusing on inner experiences (feelings, thoughts, and emotions) or on some aspects of the environment (pictures or sounds), with an attitude of non-judgmental acceptance: everything that enters awareness is “observed carefully, but is not evaluated as…”

“At the baseline visit, participants will be instructed on how to regulate their emotions in accordance with protocol used by Kim and Hamann (2007).”

“The instruction to reappraise was delivered before the ETE (e.g., film, picture) in some studies (Gross, 1998; Kalisch et al., 2005; Kim & Hamann, 2007; Ochsner et al., 2004; Phan, Fitzgerald, Nathan, Moore, Uhde, & Tancer, 2005) and during the ETE in other studies (Deveney & Pizzagalli, 2008; Eippert et al., 2007; Ja…”

“Other neuroimaging studies pointed out the relevance of functional connections between the PFC, either in its dorsolateral (Kim and Hamann, 2007; Eippert et al., 2007), or medial subdivisions (for a review see (Ochsner and Gross, 2005)), while delineating the neural circuitry underlying the regulation of conditioned f…”

“VC 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. depends on different neural circuits [Hamann, 2012; Kim and Hamann, 2007].”

“…found to be higher than that of the activity-based neurofeedback experiment and previous studies (Bado et al., 2014; Burianova et al., 2010; Ino et al., 2011; Johnston et al., 2011, 2010; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Lempert et al., 2017; Li et al., 2016; Pelletier et al., 2003; Zotev et al., 2014, 2016).”

“This finding supports the proposal that LPFC-mediated control mechanisms are also important in the up-regulation of positive mood (Kim and Hamann, 2007; Maket al., 2009)— even in the context of incidental/automatic cognitive control of emotional information, and replicates parallel findings in our…”

“However, this functional hemispheric asymmetry has also been found by other investigators reporting a greater role for the right hemisphere in the processing of negative affect in HCs [46, 47] and impairments in clinical conditions.”

“In line with this, previous neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies suggest that activity in the vmPFC is closely linked to behavioral measures of subjective value (Baumgartner et al., 2011; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Roy et al., 2012), and to the processing of social stimuli (Vrticka et al.”

“For instance, regulation of positive and negative emotions is associated with distinct neural activity in the brain (Kim & Hamann, 2007).”

“In addition, the role of the DLPFC has been indicated in cognitive and emotional control (Asplund et al., 2010; Kim and Hamann, 2007; MacDonald et al., 2000).”

“The regulation of positive stimuli has been shown to be left-lateralized (Kim and Hamann, 2007), and right-lateralized for that of negative stimuli in normal subjects (Ochsner et al.”

“In contrast, amygdala reactivity is increased specifically when subjects are instructed to either maintain or enhance their emotional response and decreased when they are instructed to decrease their emotional response (S. H. Kim & Hamann, 2007; Ochsner et al., 2004; Schaefer et al., 2002).”

“…& Simien, 2004), we hypothesized that family SES might affect the rGMV of prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions linked to cognitive–emotional functions (Kim & Hamann, 2007; Lane et al., 1998; Phan et al., 2004), as well as ACC, hippocampus or amygdala, which play important roles in regulation of…”

“Seed regions of interest (ROI) were selected to target canonical positive emotion regulation and reward processing regions (e.g., Kim and Hamann, 2007; Zhang et al., 2013).”

“The association between NU and mPFC (ACC/supplementary motor area) is stronger than that between PU and mPFC, which may be related to the key role of mPFC in negative emotion processing [69].”

“However, positive stimuli have been shown to induce activity in left-lateralized (Kim & Hamann, 2007; Ochsner et al., 2004) and negative stimuli in rightlateralized areas of the frontal cortex (Ochsner et al., 2004).”

“However, self-regulation is a multifaceted construct that has many different meanings ( Kim & Hamann, 2007 ).”

“27,28,102 – 104).”

“The dmPFC exerts top-down modulation of reward-related firing to influence VS activity (Kim and Hamann, 2007; Arco and Mora, 2008), while the VS sends out signals to the dmPFC for the purpose of reward-based motivation and learning (Moses-Kolko et al., 2011).”

“Consistent with the previous studies, during emotion regulation, amygdala, insula, ACC, cuneus, caudate, OFC, VLPFC, ventral striatum, and temporal gyrus are activated (Table 1; Pelletier et al., 2003; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Burianova et al., 2010; Johnston et al., 2010, 2011; Ino et al., 2011; Bado et al., 2014; Zotev…”

“…the literature relates greater PFC activation during emotion regulation to greater emotion regulation efficacy (Goldin, McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Kim & Hamann, 2007; Ochsner et al., 2012; Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008), even when the goal to regulate is implicit and people…”

“However, the specific regions that have been indicated differ between studies (e.g. Ochsner et al., 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Kalisch et al., 2006; Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“Following previous brain imaging studies of ER focusing on emotional stimuli (e.g., Dorfel et al., 2014; Hayes et al., 2010; Jackson et al., 2000; Kim and Hamann, 2007b; McRae et al., 2008; Ochsner et al., 2002; Ochsner et al., 2004; Silvers et al., 2015; Urry et al., 2006; van Reekum et al., 2007;…”

“Previous studies reported that decreasing emotion was more difficult than increasing emotion [15,57], owing to the difficulty of reversing emotional reactivity.”

“…(e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) subserving executive function and top-down control, and a ventral brain system (e.g., amygdala) subserving emotional processing and bottom-up impulses (Drevets and Raichle, 1998; Gyurak et al., 2011; Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“2 Practically speaking, in the laboratory it is easier to elicit full-blown approach and avoidance behaviors in non-human animals than in human participants.”

“Evidence demonstrated that upregulation was associated with more left-lateralized PFC activity, while down-regulation was linked to more rightlateralized PFC activity [20, 21, 81, 82].”

“Indeed, the few studies examining the neural correlates of increasing or maintaining positive emotions generated from positive emotional stimuli do not show vmPFC to be involved, but rather a slightly more dorsal region in the rostral mPFC (Kim and Hamann, 2007; Waugh et al., 2014).”

“Several fMRI studies have reported increases in activity in the ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsofrontomedial prefrontal cortices when participants were instructed to use various cognitive strategies to reduce negative emotional experience (Beauregard et al. 2001; Eippert et al. 2007; Goldin et al. 2008; Kalisch…”

“, 2005, 2006] and amygdala activity [Beauregard et al., 2001; Eippert et al., 2007; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Levesque et al., 2003; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004b; Phan et al., 2005] by cognitive reappraisal has previously been reported in studies in which participants were asked to regulate their emotional responses to soc…”

“This may suggest that child neural activity in the TPJ may facilitate child understanding of their mother’s lack of positive emotional expression, while greater maternal lateral PFC activity may better allow mothers to upregulate their positive emotions to match their child’s expression (Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“Consistent with this idea, laboratory inductions of reappraisal have either instructed participants to up-regulate (Kim and Hamann, 2007; Ray et al., 2010) or downregulate (Winecoff et al., 2011; Gruber et al., 2014) affective reactions to positive or negative stimuli (e.g., film clips, pictures).”

“Fourth, although we found the brain activations were greater in left hemisphere when children upregulated positive emotions, however, we could not replicate previous results which it found upregulating effect engaged primarily left-lateralized prefrontal region (Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“In multiple previous studies using the full ERQ (Gross and John, 2003; John and Gross, 2004) suppression and reappraisal were essentially unrelated, with correlations close to 0 and not significantly exceeding 0.11.”

“Both VMPFC and orbitofrontal regions have been associated with social abilities (Stone et al., 1998 Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“This has important implications, as several anatomical areas of the DL-PFC are involved in executive functions [5] and emotional regulation [11, 22].”

“For example, Kim and Hamann (2007) when comparing the up- and down-regulation of images to passively viewing them found that the regulation of negative images activated the dorsomedial PFC, lateral PFC, anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, whereas the regulation of positive pictures…”

“In studies in which the participants were directly asked, controlling positive emotion was subjectively rated as being easier than controlling negative emotion (Kim and Hamann 2007; Mak et al. 2009).”

“Kim and Hamann (2007) have suggested that positive emotions may be more malleable than negative emotions and so a fruitful avenue for future research may be to explore whether the actual or perceived malleability of affect also influences glucose expenditure.”

“The task was based on a previously published ER task where participants were instructed to use cognitive reap-praisal strategy to down-or up-regulate emotion for positive and negative emotions (Kim and Hamann 2007).”

“However, our result stands in contrast to the results of Mak et al. (2009) and Kim and Hamann (2007); both these studies showed stronger ACC activation during negative emotion regulation (although the latter study also showed enhanced activation of this structure during increasing positive…”

“Activity is o en seen in the le VLPFC as well (Goldin et al., 2008; Harenski & Hamann, 2006; Kalisch et al., 2005; Kim & Hamann, 2007; Levesque et al., 2003; McRae et al., 2010; Ochsner et al., 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Wager et al., 2008).”

“…prefrontal circuits involved in emotion regulation (Brown et al., 2014; Etkin, 2010; Gee et al., 2013; Hahn et al., 2011; Hamm et al., 2014; S.H. Kim & Hamann, 2007; Liao et al., 2010; Prater et al., 2013; Qin et al., 2014; Roy et al., 2009, 2013; Sripada et al., 2012; Sylvester et al., 2013;…”

“…the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, and superior medial frontal gyrus, a finding that converges with prior studies investigating the neural correlates of emotion (Kim and Hamann 2007; Schilbach et al. 2012) (for a detailed list of significant ROIs, see Table 1, Panel A).”

“In line with the adaptive effect of cognitive reappraisal on the modulation of emotional responses (Gross, 1998; McRae et al., 2012) and on the neural level (Kim & Hamann, 2007; Schaefer et al., 2002; Ochsner et al., 2004), we assumed that this positive effect would also extend into sleep.”

“This suggestion is consistent with current models concerning the neural substrates of emotion regulation (Kim & Hamann, 2007; Taylor & Liberzon, 2007), which propose that cognitive restructuring of negative affect is mediated by the PFC and related paralimbic structures such as the ACC which have…”

“Although this specific strategy has been most commonly used in studies of reappraisal, other studies that use other types of ER, such as suppression and distraction, have also shown similar ventral prefrontal involvement.(16,17) Correlational evidence gleaned from these neuroimaging studies are also consistent with ou…”

“…involved in top-down regulation of emotion and shows increased BOLD activity when emotion regulation strategies are employed such as reappraisal and attention deployment [Johnstone et al., 2007; Kanske et al., 2011; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Ochsner et al., 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Ray and Zald, 2012].”

“Kim and Hamann (2007), for example, induced positive or negative emo-”

“In addition, increased activity in the dorsolateral PFC was observed during modification of the intensity of emotional stimuli using cognitive strategies [14, 15].”

“For instance, they typically do not distinguish between the up-regulation and the down-regulation of emotions, which are distinct processes (Kim & Hamann, 2007).”