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Neural Correlates of Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation
Open accessAbstract
The ability to cope adaptively with emotional events by volitionally altering one's emotional reactions is important for psychological and physical health as well as social interaction. Cognitive regulation of emotional responses to aversive events engages prefrontal regions that modulate activity in emotion-processing regions such as the amygdala. However, the neural correlates of the regulation of positive emotions remain largely unexplored. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural correlates of cognitively increasing and decreasing emotional reactions to positive and negative stimuli. Participants viewed negative, positive, and neutral pictures while attempting to increase, decrease, or not alter their emotional reactions. Subjective reactions were assessed via on-line ratings. Consistent with previous studies, increasing negative and positive emotion engaged primarily left-lateralized prefrontal regions, whereas decreasing emotion activated bilateral prefrontal regions. Different activations unique to increasing versus decreasing emotion were observed for positive and negative stimuli: Unique increase-related activations were observed only for positive stimuli, whereas unique decrease-related activations were observed only for negative stimuli. Regulation also modulated activity in the amygdala, a key emotion-processing region. Regulation effects on amygdala activity were larger for positive than for negative stimuli, potentially reflecting a greater malleability of positive emotional reactions. Increasing and decreasing positive and negative emotion can thus increase and decrease subjective reactions and associated amygdala activity in line with regulatory goals, and is associated with different patterns of prefrontal activation as a function of emotional valence and regulatory goal.
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“Simultaneously, regions of prefrontal cortex that have been implicated in cognitive control and working memory become more active during reappraisal (Eippert et al., 2007; Goldin, McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Kim & Hamann, 2007; Levesque et al., 2003; Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2004; Phan et al., 2005).”
From Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal (2008) · cites this paper as Kim & Hamann, 2007
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Barmpari, D. A., Quaedflieg, C. W. E. M., Voulgaropoulou, S. D., & Hernaus, D. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107590 · Cited by 3
Reducing the Influence of Time Pressure on Risky Choice
Jiang, Y., Huang, P., & Qian, X. (2024) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000626 · Cited by 2
Cattarinussi, G., Heidari‐Foroozan, M., Jafary, H., Mohammadi, E., Sambataro, F., Ferro, A., Barone, Y., & Delvecchio, G. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.040 · Cited by 4
Ghasemy, M. (2024) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-024-01196-z · Cited by 2
“Finally, Kim and Hamann (2007) modeled changes in anxiety over a 6-week period in individuals undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder.”
Short- and long-term effects of emotion up- and down-regulation
Diers, K., Gärtner, A., Schönfeld, S., Dörfel, D., Walter, H., Brocke, B., & Strobel, A. (2023) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00028 · Cited by 2
“Similar effects have been reported in the literature, for example, left/right lateralization of prefrontal activation for up-and down-regulation ( Kim & Hamann, 2007), although there are also reports of largely overlapping activation patterns ( Eippert et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultDing, K.-Y., Li, C.-J., Li, Y.-W., & Li, H. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14398 · Cited by 2
Korom, M., Tabachnick, A. R., Sellers, T., Valadez, E. A., Tottenham, N., & Dozier, M. E. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14391 · Cited by 2
Min, J., Nashiro, K., Yoo, H., Cho, C., Nasseri, P., Bachman, S., Porat, S., Thayer, J., Chang, C., Lee, T.-H., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461138 · Cited by 2
“This seemed to support prior work which has focused on how emotion regulation modulates amygdala activity (e.g., Goldin, McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Kim & Hamann, 2007; McRae et al., 2010; Ochsner et al., 2004; Steinfurth et al., 2018).”
MethodResultInfluentialKunas, S., Bermpohl, F., Plank, I. S., Ströhle, A., & Stuke, H. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13091 · Cited by 2
“On the other hand, the DLPFC was found to be involved in different aspects of (cognitive) emotion regulation(31) such as the down-regulation of different kinds of appetitive desires.(43,44) Furthermore, Kober et al.”
An Affective Situation Labeling System from Psychological Behaviors in Emotion RecognitionPreprint
Kim, B. H., & Jo, S. (2019) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.01158 · Cited by 2
“Although several studies aim to collect a wide range of emotions using audio-visual content [8], [9], recent studies have found that affective responses mapped onto the emotional coordinate system are roughly parabolic (see Fig.”
BackgroundDecoding Natural Positive Emotional Behaviors from Human Fronto-Temporal Mesolimbic Structures
Bijanzadeh, M., Desai, M., Wallace, D. L., Mummaneni, N. S., Kunwar, N., Dawes, H. E., & Chang, E. F. (2019) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8716887 · Cited by 4
“Using behavioral paradigms such as memory recall [2] or image/video streams with specific valence [3], fMRI imaging [3] and EEG (Electroencephalography) [4] studies have reported that brain regions including limbic circuits, frontal cortex and”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation: Neural Bases and Beyond
Mende‐Siedlecki, P., Hedy Kober, A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342161.013.0018 · Cited by 7
“…aversive images (Johnstone, van Reekum, Urry, Kalin, & Davidson, 2007; Kim & Hamann, 2007; Ochsner et al., 2002; Ochsner et al., 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Urry et al., 2006; van Reekum et al., 2007), images of moral violations (Harenski & Hamann, 2006), and positive images (Kim & Hamann, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialExamining the Temporal Dynamics of Emotion Regulation via Cognitive Reappraisal
Denny, B. T. (2012) · doi:10.7916/d8qf8qxv · Cited by 1
Neurophysiological Subtypes of Depressive Disorders
Александрович, Л. И., Анатольевна, Р. Т., & Алексеевич, М. А. (2021) · Psikhiatriya · doi:10.30629/2618-6667-2021-19-2-63-76 · Cited by 3
“П с и х и а т р и я 19 (2 )' 2 0 2 1' 6 3 7 6 теменную кору [12, 13].”
InfluentialMayeaux, M., Shantha-Raman, S., & Hisey, E. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04229-6 · Cited by 1
Persistent anhedonic dysregulation of positive social emotion processing in major depression
Bezmaternykh, D. D., Melnikov, M. Y., Petrovskiy, E. D., Геннадьевна, М. К., Savelov, A. A., Natarova, K. A., Hu, Q., Wang, J., Wang, J., Sambataro, F., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122049 · Cited by 1
Deng, M., & Guo, W.-Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1796643 · Cited by 1
“A more resilient adolescent may have stronger functional connectivity between their PFC and limbic structures, allowing for more effective top-down regulation of emotional impulses (37).”
Optimizing Sound Quality Improves Hearing Aid Users’ Moods and Listening-Related Fatigue
Picou, E. M., Balling, L. W., Dalzell, T., Branscome, K., & Branda, E. (2026) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/23312165261431922 · Cited by 1
“Positive and negative moods are often described to be relatively independent dimensions, with different patterns of neural activity (Carver & Scheier, 1990; Kim & Hamann, 2007) and different in fl u-ences of personality traits (Baker et al., 1992; Gross & John, 2003; Zheng et al., 2016).”
Becker, A. S., Bouman, E. S. V. D. V., Beriashvili, M., Jeekel, H. J., Zeeuw, C. I. D., & Klimek, M. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106090 · Cited by 1
Eli, B., Xiao, F., Liu, X., Nijat, M., & Liu, Z.-K. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100655 · Cited by 1
“In contrast, ACT enhances attentional flexibility in the presence of threats (Badura-Brack et al., 2015; Kim & Hamann, 2007), potentially improving emotional regulation.”
Carbone, M. G., Polizzi, C., Pasqua, M. M. D., Morales, M. R., Perricone, G., Cucinella, G., Sutera, R., Burgio, S., & Giordano, G. (2025) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852925100436 · Cited by 1
Gałuszka, K. M. (2025) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2025.0013 · Cited by 1
Sheik, S., & Ali, S. A. A. (2025) · Innovations in Digital Health Diagnostics and Biomarkers · doi:10.36401/iddb-25-2 · Cited by 1
Carraturo, G., Pando-Naude, V., Costa, M., Vuust, P., Bonetti, L., & Brattico, E. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532764 · Cited by 1
“However, these regions are also activated in response to other stimuli (Kim & Hamann, 2007), making it difficult to determine the specific contribution of mode to these neural responses.”
Sultana, T., Hasan, M. A., & Razi, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537808 · Cited by 2
Az Érzelemszabályozás és az érzelmi intelligencia kapcsolata kognitív átkeretezési feladatban
Barbara, B., Tamás, B., & Anita, D. (2017) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2017.72.4.3 · Cited by 1
Érzelemszabályozás és machiavellizmus kapcsolata az agyi aktiváció tükrében: fMRI-kísérlet
Deák, A., Bodrogi, B., Perlaki, G., Orsi, G., & Bereczkei, T. (2015) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2015.70.1.5 · Cited by 2
Emotion and Delusion: Seeking common ground between neuroscience and psychotherapies
Turnbull, O., & Lovett, V. E. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199600526.003.0011 · Cited by 1
“These findings are consistent with an emotion-orientated view of stereotyping, given the role of the medial and right frontal cortex in emotion and emotion regulation (Kim and Hamann, 2007 ; Solms and Turnbull, 2002 ).”
ResultImproving Mental Wellbeing of Undergraduate Students During COVID-19 Pandemic
Sari, R., & Saleh, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2020–Social, Humanity, and Education (ICoSIHESS 2020) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210120.110 · Cited by 1
“negative and positive emotions affect a person’s subjective reactions [25].”
BackgroundSakakibara, R. (2014) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.22.40 · Cited by 1
Emotion regulation: effects on decision-making and affective responses
Martin, L. E. (2011) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3x929df · Cited by 1
“Further, reappraisal techniques compared to a natural response condition, led to increased responses in cortical brain regions such as the dorsal and ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and medial PFC and decreased activity in the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOtto, B., Misra, S., Prasad, A. K., & McRae, K. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0240-0 · Cited by 75
“…arousal, as well as amygdala activation (Dillon & LaBar, 2005; Eippert et al., 2007; Gross, 1998a; Jackson et al., 2000; Kalisch, 2009; S. H. Kim & Hamann, 2007; Ray et al., 2010; Urry, van Reekum, Johnstone, & Davidson, 2009; Walter et al., 2009), and may even be an effective strategy in the…”
Adolescents’ regulatory emotional self-efficacy beliefs and daily affect intensity
Bassi, M., Fave, A. D., Steca, P., & Caprara, G. V. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9669-3 · Cited by 40
Stilling, J., Gillies, C. A., Kim, J. H., Jamison, K., & Kuceyeski, A. (2026) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2026.104063
“…to play a role in cognitive control, effort allocation, and goal-directed behavior (i.e., top-down regulation of behavior) (Kuppuswamy et al., 2024; Ondobaka et al., 2022), while limbic circuitry is involved in motivational and affective processing (Kim and Hamann, 2007; Towfighi et al., 2017).”
Liu, Y., Gui, S., Ma, L., Yang, L., Liu, Z., Zhou, Y., & Wang, X. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5139363
“The sample size is comparable to that of several previous task-fMRI studies of cognitive reappraisal (Urry et al. 2006 ; Morawetz et al. 2016 ; Urry et al. 2009 ; Kim and Hamann 2007 ; Holland and Kensinger 2013 ).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2007-05-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 776-798
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2049586547
- Cited by
- 615
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 12.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, positive emotions, negative emotions, cognitive reappraisal, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, emotional valence, neural correlates, emotional reactivity, regulatory objectives
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reference Values, Self-Assessment, Feedback, Psychological
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