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Distinct Regions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Self-referential Processing and Perspective Taking
Open accessAbstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) appears to play a prominent role in two fundamental aspects of social cognition, that is, self-referential processing and perspective taking. However, it is currently unclear whether the same or different regions of the MPFC mediate these two interdependent processes. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study sought to clarify the issue by manipulating both dimensions in a factorial design. Participants judged the extent to which trait adjectives described their own personality (e.g., “Are you sociable?”) or the personality of a close friend (e.g., “Is Caroline sociable?”) and were also asked to put themselves in the place of their friend (i.e., to take a third-person perspective) and estimate how this person would judge the adjectives, with the target of the judgments again being either the self (e.g., “According to Caroline, are you sociable?”) or the other person (e.g., “According to Caroline, is she sociable?”). We found that self-referential processing (i.e., judgments targeting the self vs. the other person) yielded activation in the ventral and dorsal anterior MPFC, whereas perspective taking (i.e., adopting the other person's perspective, rather than one's own, when making judgments) resulted in activation in the posterior dorsal MPFC; the interaction between the two dimensions yielded activation in the left dorsal MPFC. These findings show that self-referential processing and perspective taking recruit distinct regions of the MPFC and suggest that the left dorsal MPFC may be involved in decoupling one's own from other people's perspectives on the self.
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“It is interesting to note that when people think about the self from others' point of view (e.g.'Does my teacher think that I am lazy?'), the mPFC activation disappears.Instead, a more dorsal and posterior part of the PFC receives prominent activations (D' Argembeau et al., 2007).”
From Cultural neuroscience of the self: understanding the social grounding of the brain (2010) · cites this paper as D' Argembeau et al., 2007
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Citations
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“Another line of research has highlighted the role of the MPFC in adopting the perspective of other people and representing their mental states (Decety & Jackson, 2004; Ruby & Decety, 2003, 2004; Frith & Frith, 2003; Gallagher & Frith, 2003).”
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BackgroundResultREFLECTIONS ON SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE
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“Here, particularly the precuneus has been linked to the social network, perspective taking and episodic memory retrieval (Cavanna & Trimble, 2006; D'Argembeau et al., 2007; Dosch et al., 2010; Ruby & Decety, 2004; Wagner et al., 2005).”
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BackgroundSelf-citationA neural signature of the current self.
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“, mPFC’s role in mentalizing self, evaluation, and perspective-taking [23,24]; PCC is thought to regulate the balance between internal and external focus [25]; IPL seems to be relevant for self-other discrimination [21,26] and judgment of social closeness between people [27,28].”
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“The left MPFC is involved in the processing of self-reference and judgments of others' mental states.(35,36) Incongruent assessment of self versus other could lead to delusions and hallucinations.”
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“A neuroimaging meta-analysis further confirmed that mPFC is closely linked to perspective-taking ( D’Argembeau et al., 2007 ; Denny et al., 2012 ).”
Actor or recipient role matters: Neural correlates of self‐serving bias
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“Activity of the dmPFC has been associated with self-evaluation and self-related reappraisal (D'Argembeau et al., 2007; Han et al., 2010; Korn et al., 2012; Lemogne et al., 2011; Northoff & Bermpohl, 2004).”
MethodIwabuchi, T., Ohba, M., Ogawa, K., & Inui, T. (2020) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100893 · Cited by 3
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“Another study further refined the processing areas to the ventral and dorsal MPFC.(32) It has also been found patients with ASD preferentially activate the dorsal MPFC compared to typical patients who activate ventral areas in a task that required interpreting the emotional state of “others.”
ResultNeurobiologie und Gewaltstraftaten
Konicar, L., Veit, R., & Birbaumer, N. (2013) · Studien und Materialien zum Straf- und Massregelvollzug · doi:10.1007/978-3-86226-849-8_12 · Cited by 3
Self Model for Embodied Artificial Intelligence
Jiang, S., Zhang, S.-X., Tao, S., Zhu, X.-H., Qi, T.-L., & Song, X. (2026) · Journal of Computational Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s11390-026-6289-3 · Cited by 2
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“…integration; insular cortex (outside CMS) mediates bodily awareness; and lateral inferior frontal gyrus (outside CMS) enables linguistic self-expression (Northoff and Bermpohl, 2004; Northoff et al., 2006; D ’ Argembeau et al., 2007; Qin and Northoff, 2011; Northoff, 2016; Lou et al., 2017).”
InfluentialApples and oranges: Conceptual review as task analysis method1
van Stee, A. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16623 · Cited by 2
“…chapter 3), a clear pattern is that the majority of studies use personality trait adjectives as stimuli (Chiao et al., 2009; Craik et al., 1999; D ’ Argembeau et al., 2007, 2008, 2010; Fossati et al., 2003; Gutchess et al., 2007; Heatherton et al., 2006; Jenkins & Mitchell, 2011; W. M. Kelley…”
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“…studies found that mPFC subregions have dissociable roles, as self-projection into another person’s perspective recruited the dorsal mPFC [58,59], while as in our study the vmPFC was shown to be involved in temporal self-projection into the personal past [60] and future ([45,46]; but see…”
MethodBrain-inspired and Self-based Artificial Intelligence
Zeng, Y., Zhao, F.-F., Zhao, Y., Zhao, D.-C., Lu, E.-M., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., Feng, H., Zhao, Z.-Y., Wang, J.-H., et al. (2024) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.18784 · Cited by 2
“The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and its subregions play a crucial role in self-referential processing [28].”
BackgroundA Group Level Analysis of Self-evaluations Associated with Cognitive Load
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Hennig-Fast, K., Meissner, D., Steuwe, C., Dehning, S., Blautzik, J., Eilert, D. W., Zill, P., Müller, N., Meindl, T., Reiser, M., et al. (2023) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci13081125 · Cited by 2
Fictive questions in the Zhuangzi
Xiang, M. (2023) · Figurative thought and language · doi:10.1075/ftl.18 · Cited by 2
Lou, Y., Chen, S., Hu, G., Astikainen, P., Otieno, S., Lei, Y., & Leppänen, P. H. T. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad060 · Cited by 2
Ceruti, C., Cicerale, A., Diano, M., Sibona, M., Guiot, C., Motta, G., Crespi, C., Gualerzi, A., Lanfranco, F., Bergui, M., et al. (2022) · Tomography · doi:10.3390/tomography8040176 · Cited by 2
“In particular, it seems that self-referential judgments activated the anterior mPFC, both in its ventral and dorsal areas [7], and that the ventral mPFC could be more activated by self-referential judgments characterized by higher emotive investment, rather than high degrees of certainty [8].”
BackgroundTheory of Mind after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review
Ju, N., Guo, S., Juan, V. S., Brown, S., Lai, K. W., Yeates, K. O., & Graham, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2020.7365 · Cited by 2
Neuroscience Research and Ethical Leadership: Insights from a Neurological Micro-foundation
Voegtlin, C., Walthert, I. M., & Robertson, D. C. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2514-175920190000003010 · Cited by 5
Resting-State Functional Connections of the Amygdala in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Konduru, N. (2013) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/27653 · Cited by 1
Motivational Aspects of Future Thinking in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
D’Argembeau, A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118101803.ch5 · Cited by 3
“The neural activity associated with judgments of self-relevance was isolated using a task that has been extensively used in previous fMRI studies (e.g., D'Argembeau et al., 2007; Fossati et al., 2003; Heatherton et al., 2006; Kelley et al., 2002; Schmitz, Kawahara-Baccus, & Johnson, 2004).”
MethodSelf-citationThe neural correlates of categorical and individuated impressions
Kubota, J. (2010) · doi:10.1037/e528002014-084 · Cited by 2
Empathy-related individual differences in brain responses to robot and human pain
Chin, J. H., Haring, K., Pittman, D. E., & Kim, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1805177 · Cited by 1
He, H., Shi, J.-H., Zhang, X.-Y., Leng, B.-Q., & Zhang, X.-M. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.70100 · Cited by 1
Food culture as a mechanism of social bonding and social identity in primates
Roberts, A., & Roberts, S. G. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1788917 · Cited by 1
Polikanova, I., & Eduardovna, S. T. (2026) · Culture and Education · doi:10.1177/11356405261420103 · Cited by 1
“La autorreferencia implica que las personas reflexio-nan sobre sus atributos (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Kim & Johnson, 2015; Knyazev, 2013; Knyazev et al., 2012; Krause et al., 2021; Levorsen et al., 2023; Meyer & Lieberman, 2018; Mu & Han, 2010; Salvador et al., 2020).”
Neural signatures of socially shaped self-worth: A meta-analysis
Shin, J., Kim, H., Ahn, J., & Kim, H. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121612 · Cited by 1
Tomasino, B., Piani, M. C., Maggioni, E., Bonivento, C., D’Agostini, S., Balestrieri, M., & Brambilla, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1583482 · Cited by 1
“For instance, processing sentences focused on the self (vs. another person) activates the orbitofrontal cortex (44 – 48), so this area has been related to the representation of self-related knowledge.”
Gose, R. (2024) · Journal of Dance Education · doi:10.1080/15290824.2024.2403765 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, practicing mind-fulness has been shown to strengthen an area of the prefrontal cortex, which aids in the awareness and management of what one is feeling (D’Argembeau et al. 2007).”
Psychophysiological indexes in the detection of deception: A systematic review
Convertino, G., Talbot, J., & Mazzoni, G. A. L. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104618 · Cited by 4
On the coupling and decoupling of mind wandering and perception: a shared metabolism account
Bruckmaier, M., Albrecht, V., Tachtsidis, I., & Lavie, N. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgad021 · Cited by 2
“…with self-referential thoughts about one’s traits, abilities, and attitudes, or one’s current states, e.g. emotional feelings (Gusnard et al. 2001; Johnson et al.2002; Ochsner et al.2004; Andrews-Hanna et al.2010),as well as judgments about others (Gallagher et al. 2000; D’Argembeau et al. 2007).”
BackgroundTime course of effective connectivity associated with perspective taking in utterance comprehension
Tokimoto, S., & Tokimoto, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1179230 · Cited by 3
Kim, J., Moon, K., Kim, S., Kim, H., & Ko, Y.-G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937905 · Cited by 1
West, R., Kirby, B., & Malley, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.878248 · Cited by 1
“The literature examining the neural foundation of self-referent processing (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Decety and Porges, 2011) and intertemporal choice (Mitchell et al.”
BackgroundMethodDoes Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Change the Brain? A Case Series Study
Marques, D. R., Gomes, A., Clemente, V., dos Santos, J. D., Duarte, I. C., Caetano, G., & Castelo-Branco, M. (2019) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-019-00081-5 · Cited by 1
Self-Referential Processing Can Modulate Visual Spatial Attention Deficits in Children With Dyslexia
Zhou, A.-B. B., Duan, B.-J., Wen, M., Wu, W., Li, M., Ma, X.-F., & Tan, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02270 · Cited by 1
Rosa, L. A. (2018) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2018.1527217 · Cited by 1
Neurobiology of Consciousness: Current Research and Perspectives
Płonka, B. K. (2015) · Studia Humana · doi:10.1515/sh-2015-0023 · Cited by 2
“Other research proved considerable specialization of medial prefrontal cortex, which ventral part contains information relevant for “self”, whereas the dorsal region is responsible for decision-making processes and evaluation (concerning “self” and “other”) [31], [33], [121], [131].”
BackgroundCognitive Neuroscience of Self-Reflection
Moran, J. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800935-2.00010-5 · Cited by 4
Joint Attention, Learning and Social-Cognitive Development
Mundy, P. C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23601-8 · Cited by 2
Strategic Mentalizing: The Neural Correlates of Strategic Choice
Coricelli, G. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00171-8 · Cited by 1
Personality Dimensions in Psychopathy: Potential Explanatory Models for Primary and Secondary TraitsPreprint
Murphy, B. A., & Giurgiutiu, D. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1978268 · Cited by 1
Reflective Personality: Identifying Cognitive Style and Cognitive Complexity
van Seggelen-Damen, I. C. M. (2013) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-013-9166-5 · Cited by 22
Crane, M. F., Li, M. G., Karin, E., Gucciardi, D. F., Kalisch, R., Xiao, H. H., Bergen, P. V., & Kangas, M. (2026) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70229
Shared and unique neural correlates of reappraisal generation and implementation
Liu, Y. R., Leo, M. B., McRae, K., & Waugh, C. E. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01477-3
Ding, Y., Oba, K., Ishibashi, R., & Sugiura, M. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01483-5 · Cited by 2
Escala de Empatía de Perth: Traducción al español y validación de la Perth Empathy Scale (PES)
Goncalvez, A. B., & Lemos, V. (2026) · Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación · doi:10.17979/reipe.2026.13.1.13050
Developing a Perspective-Taking Task for Social Anxiety
Kumada, M., & Chen, J. (2026) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911261451789
Puccetti, N. A., Maffly‐Kipp, J., Gallagher, M. R., Biggs, A. L., Silva, P. Q. D., Jones, N. P., Chase, H. W., Edmiston, E. K., Moe, A. M., & Fournier, J. C. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01456-8
Chen, G., Chen, R., Liao, M., Sun, S., Chen, P., Guo, Z., Chen, C., Tang, X., Qi, Z., Zhong, S., et al. (2026) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/19585969.2026.2669514 · Cited by 1
Lenglart, L., Coello, Y., & Sampaio, A. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-44438-z · Cited by 1
An, X., Xiao, M., Li, W., Chen, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, H. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01412-6
“It plays an important role in understanding others’ intentions, emotions, and beliefs, allowing individuals to make appropriate responses in social interactions (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Malezieux et al., 2023; Yin et al., 2022).”
Brain mechanisms underlying self-other distinction for bodily self-recognition
Oka, Y. G., & Isoda, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2026.1781653
“The temporo-parietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex are involved in perspective taking (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Mazzarella et al., 2013; Schurz et al., 2013; Martin et al., 2020; Ninomiya and Isoda, 2024), making them suitable for processing visual images from the first-person versus…”
Reinstating motivational states: Electrical signatures of craving and neural mind reading
Proverbio, A., & Zanetti, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315068
“The superior frontal gyrus also contributes to self-representation—the “inner voice” [59]—and self-referential thought [60,61], essential for representing personal needs.”
Human neurocomputational mechanisms of guilt-driven and shame-driven altruistic behavior
Zhu, R.-D., Wang, H., Feng, C.-L., Yin, L., Zhang, R., Zeng, Y., & Liu, C. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.107223
“This region is central to both theory- of-mind processing ( Schurz et al., 2014 ) and self-referential processing ( Northoff et al., 2006 ), playing a crucial role in combining others’ thoughts and feelings with one’s own ( D’Argembeau et al., 2007 ; Saxe et al., 2006 ).”
Wu, K., Zheng, H., Jiang, Y., Zhang, S.-T., & Wang, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1614935
Hierarchical systems in the default mode network when reasoning about self and other mental states
Christian, I. R., & Nastase, S. A. (2026) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsag047
“…significant univariate differences between self and other conditions, while other studies find greater DMPFC activation for self compared to other (D’Argembeau et al. 2007, Benoit et al. 2010, Krienen et al. 2010) When we directly compared social reasoning conditions, we found that patterns in…”
Oboshi, Y., Tamura, K., Fukushi, Y., & Yamamoto, S. (2025) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.06.009
Influence of first-person and third-person perspectives on neural mechanisms of professional pride
Hong, Y.-J., Kim, H., Kyeong, S., Kim, E. J., & Kim, J.-J. (2024) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2024.2315821
“This region plays an executive role in the decoupling of different perspectives, allowing individuals to distinguish their own point of view from that of others (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Isoda & Noritake, 2013).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- D'Argembeau, A., Ruby, P., Collette, F., Degueldre, C., Balteau, E., Luxen, A., Maquet, P., & Salmon, E.
- Affiliations
- 1University of Liège, Belgium
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Liège (BE)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2007-06-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 935-944
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2026985064
- Cited by
- 495
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 40.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orbi.uliege.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- medial prefrontal cortex, self-referential processing, perspective taking, social cognition, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, self-other distinction, personality judgment, third-person perspective
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Judgment, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Processes, Reaction Time, Self Concept, Prefrontal Cortex
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