CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 631Memory Processes and InfluencesPhilosophy and Theoretical ScienceIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self

Open access
Lou, Hans C., Luber, Bruce, Crupain, Michael, Keenan, Julian P., Nowak, Markus, Kjaer, Troels W., Sackeim, Harold A., Lisanby, Sarah H.·2004·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.0400049101PMC PMC404216
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

For a coherent and meaningful life, conscious self-representation is mandatory. Such explicit "autonoetic consciousness" is thought to emerge by retrieval of memory of personally experienced events ("episodic memory"). During episodic retrieval, functional imaging studies consistently show differential activity in medial prefrontal and medial parietal cortices. With positron-emission tomography, we here show that these medial regions are functionally connected and interact with lateral regions that are activated according to the degree of self-reference. During retrieval of previous judgments of Oneself, Best Friend, and the Danish Queen, activation increased in the left lateral temporal cortex and decreased in the right inferior parietal region with decreasing self-reference. Functionally, the former region was preferentially connected to medial prefrontal cortex, the latter to medial parietal. The medial parietal region may, then, be conceived of as a nodal structure in self-representation, functionally connected to both the right parietal and the medial prefrontal cortices. To determine whether medial parietal cortex in this network is essential for episodic memory retrieval with self-representation, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation over the region to transiently disturb neuronal circuitry. There was a decrease in the efficiency of retrieval of previous judgment of mental Self compared with retrieval of judgment of Other with transcranial magnetic stimulation at a latency of 160 ms, confirming the hypothesis. This network is strikingly similar to the network of the resting conscious state, suggesting that self-monitoring is a core function in resting consciousness.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.0400049101

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The precuneus is heavily implicated in mediating interoceptive awareness and consciousness.

    “Given that the precuneus is heavily implicated in mediating interoceptive awareness and consciousness (Lou et al., 2004)”

    From Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner’s face (2016) · cites this paper as Lou et al., 2004

    The Discussion links the precuneus and medial parietal region to explicit self-representation, reflective self-awareness, and conscious self-monitoring. It does not address interoceptive awareness or bodily signals, so that part of the claim is unsupported. The paper’s account of consciousness is also more specifically about self-referential awareness than consciousness generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 46

  1. [1]Flanagan, O. (1995) Consciousness Reconsidered (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
  2. [3]Gardiner, J. M. (2001) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 356, 1351-1361. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. [4]Cabeza, R. & Nyberg, L. (2000) J. Cognit. Neurosci. 12, 1-47. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. [5]Keenan, J. P. (2001) J. Consc. Stud. 3, 31-34. [Google Scholar]
  5. [6]Anderson, N. H. (1968) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 9, 272-279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. [7]McDermott, K. B., Ojemann, J. G., Petersen, S. E., Ollinger, J. M., Snyder, A. Z., Akbudaz, E., Conturo, T. E. & Raichle, M. E. (1999) Memory 7, 661-678. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. [9]Pascual-Leone, A., Bartrez-Faz, D. & Keenan J. P. (1999) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 354, 1229-1238. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. [10]Paus, T., Sipila P. K. & Strafella, A. P. (2001) J. Neurophysiol. 86, 1983-1990. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. [11]Jalinous, R. (1991) J. Clin. Neurophysiol . 8, 10-25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. [12]Craik, F. I. M., Moroz, T. M., Moscovitch, M., Stuss, D. T., Wincour, G., Tulving, E. & Kapur, S. (1999) Psychol. Sci. 10, 26-34. [Google Scholar]
  11. [13]Matthews, N., Luber, B., Qian, N. & Lisanby, S. H. (2001) Exp. Brain Res. 140, 397-406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. [14]Tulving, E. (1987) Hum. Neurobiol. 6, 67-80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. [15]Symons, C. S. & Johnson, B. T. (1997) Psychol. Bull. 121, 371-394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. [16]Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S. & Heatherton, T. F. (2002) J. Cognit. Neurosci. 14, 785-794. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. [17]Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S., Cizadlo, T., Arndt, S., Rezai, K., Watkins, G. L. B., Ponto, L. L. & Hichwa, R. D. (1995) Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1576-1585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. [18]Kircher, T. T., Senior, C., Phillips, M. L., Benson, P. J., Bullmore, E. T., Barummer, M., Simmonds, A., Williams, S. C. R., Bertels, M. & David, A. S. (2000) Cognit. Brain Res. 10, 133-144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. [19]Johnson, S. C., Baxter, L. C., Wilder, L. S., Pine, J. G., Hiesemann, J. E. & Prigatano, G. P. (2002) Brain 125, 1808-1814. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. [20]Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (1998) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 353, 1915-1927. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. [21]Stuss, D. T. & Levine, B. (2002) Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53, 401-433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. [22]Vogeley, K., Bussfeld, P., Newen, A., Herrman, S., Happe, F., Falkei, P., Maier, W., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R. & Zilles, K. (2001) NeuroImage 14, 170-181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. [23]Ingvar, D. H. (1979) Acta Neurol. Scand. 60, 12-25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. [24]Frith, C. D. & Frith, U. (1999) Science 286, 1692-1695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. [25]Maguire, E. A., Frith, C. D. & Morris, R. G. (1999) Brain 122, 1839-1850. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. [26]Henson, R. N. A., Ruggs, M. D., Shallice, T., Josephs, O. & Dolan, R. J. (1999) J. Neurosci. 19, 3962-3972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. [27]Wiggs, C. L., Weisberg, J. & Martin, A. (1999) Neuropsychologia 37, 103-118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. [28]Tallon-Baudry, C., Bertrand, O., Delpuech, C. & Pernier, J. (1996) J. Neurosci. 16, 4240-4249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. [29]Keenan, J. P., Nelson, A., O'Connor, M. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2001) Nature 409, 305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. [30]Maguire, E. A., Burgess, N., Donnett, J. G., Frackowiak, R. S., Frith, C. D. & O'Keefe, J. (1998) Science 280, 921-924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. [31]Maguire, E. A., Burgess, N. & O'Keefe, J. (1999) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9, 171-177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. [32]Vogeley, K. & Fink, G. R. (2003) Trends Cognit. Sci. 7, 38-42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. [33]Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T. & Seeck, M. (2002) Nature 149, 269-270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. [34]Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. & Raichle, M. E. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4259-4264. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. [35]Martin, A., Haxby, J. V., Lalonde, F. M., Wiggs, C. & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995) Science 5233, 102-105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. [36]Martin, A., Wiggs, C. L., Ungerleider, L. G. & Haxby, J. V. (1996) Nature 379, 649-652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. [37]Vandenberghe, R., Price, C., Wise, R., Josephs, O. & Frackowiak, R. S. (1996) Nature 383, 254-256. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. [38]Sergent, J., Ohta, S. & MacDonald, B. (1992) Brain 115, 15-36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. [39]Tempini, M. L., Price, C. J., Josephs, O., Vandenberghe, R., Cappa, S. F., Kapur, N. & Frackowiak, R. S. (1998) Brain 121, 2103-2118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. [40]Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A. & Shulman, G. L. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 676-682. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. [41]Gusnard, D. A. & Raichle, M. E. (2001) Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 685-694. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. [42]Lauritzen, M. (2001) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21, 1367-1383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. [43]Mehta, M. A., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J. D. & Robbins, T. W. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20, 1-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. [44]Cavada, C. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989) J. Comp. Neurol. 287, 422-445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. [45]Kjaer, T. W., Nowak, M., Kjaer, K. W., Lou, A. R. & Lou, H. C. (2001) Conscious. Cogn. 10, 356-365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. [46]Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L. & Menon, V. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 253-258. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. [47]Goldman-Rakic, P. S. & Schwartz, P. S. (1982) Science 216, 755-757. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. [48]Baars, B. J. (2002) Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 47-51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Lou, H. C., Luber, B., Crupain, M., Keenan, J. P., Nowak, M., Kjaer, T. W., Sackeim, H. A., & Lisanby, S. H.
Affiliations
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
  • Magnetic Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 126, New York, NY 10032; Cyclotron and Positron Emission Tomography Center, Rigshospitalet and Department of Clinical Physiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Montclair...
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2004-04-19
Volume
101
Issue
17
Pages
6827-6832
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.0400049101
PMC
PMC404216
OpenAlex
W2079117350
Cited by
631
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 37
FWCI
8.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords
self-representation, autonoetic consciousness, episodic memory retrieval, medial parietal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, self-reference, functional connectivity, inferior parietal cortex, lateral temporal cortex, transcranial magnetic stimulation, self-monitoring, self-other judgment
MeSH terms
Adult, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Parietal Lobe, Self Concept

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review