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Distinct Regions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Self-referential Processing and Perspective Taking
Open accessAbstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) appears to play a prominent role in two fundamental aspects of social cognition, that is, self-referential processing and perspective taking. However, it is currently unclear whether the same or different regions of the MPFC mediate these two interdependent processes. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study sought to clarify the issue by manipulating both dimensions in a factorial design. Participants judged the extent to which trait adjectives described their own personality (e.g., “Are you sociable?”) or the personality of a close friend (e.g., “Is Caroline sociable?”) and were also asked to put themselves in the place of their friend (i.e., to take a third-person perspective) and estimate how this person would judge the adjectives, with the target of the judgments again being either the self (e.g., “According to Caroline, are you sociable?”) or the other person (e.g., “According to Caroline, is she sociable?”). We found that self-referential processing (i.e., judgments targeting the self vs. the other person) yielded activation in the ventral and dorsal anterior MPFC, whereas perspective taking (i.e., adopting the other person's perspective, rather than one's own, when making judgments) resulted in activation in the posterior dorsal MPFC; the interaction between the two dimensions yielded activation in the left dorsal MPFC. These findings show that self-referential processing and perspective taking recruit distinct regions of the MPFC and suggest that the left dorsal MPFC may be involved in decoupling one's own from other people's perspectives on the self.
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“It is interesting to note that when people think about the self from others' point of view (e.g.'Does my teacher think that I am lazy?'), the mPFC activation disappears.Instead, a more dorsal and posterior part of the PFC receives prominent activations (D' Argembeau et al., 2007).”
From Cultural neuroscience of the self: understanding the social grounding of the brain (2010) · cites this paper as D' Argembeau et al., 2007
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“Since the dmPFC is a region where theory of mind processing and self-referential processing interact (D'Argembeau et al., 2007; Rebecca Saxe et al., 2006), the MVPA results here imply that the dmPFC might put different weights on the theory of mind processing and self-referential processing when participants were in t…”
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“For example, the MPFC was reported to be involved in memory-of-self, emotional processing, self-related, and social cognition tasks [D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Gusnard et al., 2001b; Kelley et al., 2002; Macrae et al., 2004a], while the PCUN node of the DM has been shown to be preferentially…”
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“Just as past studies have shown that accessing knowledge about the self involves mPFC (e.g., D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Kelley et al., 2002b), the emergence of this region in the present arousal-related contrast may reflect the necessity of comparing the semantic content of statements with personal…”
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“…processing in adults have shown that regions of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate (PCC) are commonly recruited for judgments about oneself (Craik et al., 1999; D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Kelley et al., 2002, Kircher et al., 2002; Johnson et al, 2002; Ochsner et al, 2005).”
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“First, a medial prefrontal cortical network (mMPC) observed in joint attention is thought to play a role in triadic self-other-object/event processing (211) that is involved in sharing, comparing or adopting another person’s perspective (210, 225, 226).”
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“The dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), a region of the frontal cortex, has been particularly implicated in impression formation, as well as in a wide array of social processes (Amodio & Frith, 2006; D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Harvey et al., 2007; Macrae et al., 2004; Mitchell, Cloutier, Banaji, & Macrae, 2006; Mi…”
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“One distinction that has been observed in imaging (and also in line with differing anatomical connections) has been between dorsal and ventral MPFC (D’Argembeau et al. 2007; Mitchell et al. 2006; Ochsner et al. 2005; Schmitz and Johnson 2007).”
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“The mPFC is typically recruited not only during the processing of self-related information (D’Argembeau et al. , 2007) but also in autobiographical memory (Gilboa et al. , 2004) and in self-conscious emotion (Somerville et al. , 2013).”
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“The finding that dorsal MPFC supports judgments about others is unsurprising, given its role in perspective taking tasks, such as those involving theory of mind (ToM) (D'Argembeau et al., 2007; Gallagher & Frith, 2003).”
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“…involved in mentalizing, including the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), temporal pole (TP), precuneus (PC), and dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC and vmPFC, respectively) (Frith and Frith, 2003; Frith and Frith, 2006; D’Argembeau et al. , 2007; Van Overwalle and Baetens, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodDefault Network Deactivations Are Correlated with Psychopathic Personality Traits
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Bai, F., Shi, Y., Yuan, Y., Wang, Y., Yue, C., Teng, Y., Wu, D., Zhang, Z., Jia, J., & Zhang, Z. (2011) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.02.011 · Cited by 43
“…prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of tasks thought to require self-referential processing (Kelley et al., 2002; Moran et al., 2006; D’Argembeau et al., 2007), whilst significant deficits of this region has been demonstrated in AD-spectrum subjects (Salmon et al., 2006; Rosen et…”
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Neural differences in self-perception during illness and after weight-recovery in anorexia nervosa
McAdams, C. J., Jeon-Slaughter, H., Evans, S., Lohrenz, T., Montague, P. R., & Krawczyk, D. C. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw092 · Cited by 40
“Mean reaction times and mean percentage of trials showing agreement in the Social Identity-V2 task were compared across groups and conditions using multivariate ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons (criterion of P< 0.05).”
MethodInfluentialBiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Identity Pathology Development: An Integrative Review
Kaufman, E. A., & Crowell, S. E. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000138 · Cited by 47
“Self-knowledge retrieval tasks generally produce greater activity in MPFC and MPPC compared with other social or semantic processes (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Lieberman, Jarcho, & Satpute, 2004). Although the MPFC and MPPC are essential to evaluative self-knowledge, they also support our understanding of others (Gilli…”
BackgroundAnterior medial prefrontal cortex implements social priming of mimicry
Wang, Y., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu076 · Cited by 37
Park, I., Ku, J., Lee, H., Kim, S. Y., Kim, S. I., Yoon, K.-J., & Kim, J.-J. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01597.x · Cited by 39
Sex differences in own and other body perception
Burke, S., Majid, D., Manzouri, A., Moody, T., Feusner, J. D., & Savic, I. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24388 · Cited by 38
The role of episodic and semantic memory in episodic foresight
Martín-Ordás, G., Atance, C. M., & Louw, A. (2012) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.05.011 · Cited by 39
Kana, R., Sartin, E. B., Stevens, C., Deshpande, H., Klein, C. L., Klinger, M. R., & Klinger, L. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.008 · Cited by 37
Chen, C., Wang, H., Wu, S.-H., Huang, H., Zou, J.-L., Chen, J., Jiang, T., Zhou, Y., & Wang, G.-H. (2015) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.170269 · Cited by 37
A neurocognitive approach to brand memory
Ratnayake, N., Broderick, A. J., & Mitchell, R. L. C. (2010) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2010.522531 · Cited by 39
“Self-relevance activation neural regions have been identified by seminal neuroimaging studies (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Gillihan & Farah, 2005; Heatherton et al., 2006).”
MethodNewsome, M., Scheibel, R., Hanten, G. R., Chu, Z., Steinberg, J., Hunter, J., Lu, H.-Z., Vásquez, A. C., Li, X.-Q., Lin, X.-D., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0017432 · Cited by 37
D’Argembeau, A., & Salmon, É. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1704-0_18 · Cited by 38
Self-citationFrontotemporal dementia and pharmacologic interventions.
Kaye, E. D., Petrovic-Poljak, A., Verhoeff, N., & Freedman, M. (2010) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22.1.19 · Cited by 36
Me, Myself and My Insula: An Oasis in the Forefront of Self-Consciousness
Tisserand, A., Philippi, N., Botzung, A., & Blanc, F. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12040599 · Cited by 67
Zhang, S., Wang, W., Wang, G., Li, B., Chai, L., Guo, J., & Gao, X. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112483 · Cited by 35
Gamond, L., Ferrari, C., Rocca, S. L., & Cattaneo, Z. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13529 · Cited by 35
Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Down-Regulates Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Experience of Flow
Martin, U., Keller, J., & Grön, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00169 · Cited by 40
“Both brain regions have already been reported to mediate ruminative self-reflection (Gusnard et al., 2001; Northoff et al., 2006; D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Jenkins and Mitchell, 2011; Philippi et al., 2012) and emotional arousal (Hamann et al., 2002; McGaugh, 2004; Lewis et al., 2007; Colibazzi et…”
BackgroundAn fMRI study of self-reflection about body image: Sex differences
Owens, T., Allen, M. D., & Spangler, D. L. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.012 · Cited by 35
A large-scale structural and functional connectome of social mentalizing
Wang, Y., Metoki, A., Xia, Y., Zang, Y., Yong He, A., & Olson, I. R. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118115 · Cited by 48
“It has been well-documented that cortical midline areas support self-representation and self-processing (Uddin et al., 2007, D’Argembeau et al., 2007, Tamir and Mitchell, 2010, Feng et al., 2018) whereas lateral areas are involved in retrieving knowledge about other entities (e.g., ATL) (Wang et…”
Smith, R. S., Fass, H. G., & Lane, R. D. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.002 · Cited by 38
“For example, Gusnard et al. (2001) found that self-related processing is associated with an increase in neural activity in the mPFC. D’Argembeau and Ruby (2007) further demonstrated that anterior mPFC activity was uniquely associated with self, whereas taking the perspective of others…”
BackgroundSchneider, M., Debbané, M., Lagioia, A., Salomon, R., D’Argembeau, A., & Eliez, S. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.12.004 · Cited by 33
“We used a paradigm adapted from d’Argembeau et al. (2007) to evaluate self- and other-related processing in adolescents.”
MethodSelf-citationGamond, L., & Cattaneo, Z. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.011 · Cited by 36
“Indeed, mPFC activity has been found to underlie self-related concepts (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Kwan et al., 2007), close family members (Vanderwal et al., 2008) and in-group membership encoding (Rilling et al., 2008; Molenberghs and Morrison, 2012).”
Towards prognostic functional brain biomarkers for cervical myelopathy: A resting-state fMRI study
Takenaka, S., Kan, S., Seymour, B., Makino, T., Sakai, Y., Kushioka, J., Tanaka, H., Watanabe, Y., Shibata, M., Yoshikawa, H., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46859-5 · Cited by 32
Altered functional connectivity in patients with post-stroke memory impairment: A resting fMRI study
Liu, J., Wang, Q., Liu, F.-W., Song, H.-Y., Liang, X.-F., Lin, Z., Hong, W.-J., Yang, S.-L., Huang, J., Zheng, G.-H., et al. (2017) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4751 · Cited by 32
Social Psychology and Neuroscience: Strange Bedfellows or a Healthy Marriage?
Dovidio, J., Pearson, A. R., & Orr, P. T. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207088041 · Cited by 32
Liu, G., Zhang, N., Teoh, J. Y., Egan, C., Zeffiro, T. A., Davidson, R. J., & Quevedo, K. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002482 · Cited by 45
“Lemogne et al. (2009) found that both depressed patients and healthy controls (HCs) activated medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in self-judgments v. general judgments, but depressed patients showed greater activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), as well as increased…”
BackgroundInfluentialBozzatello, P., Morese, R., Valentini, M., Rocca, P., Bosco, F., & Bellino, S. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01323 · Cited by 31
“Medial prefrontal cortex is involved in the processing self-relevant information, in the generation of personal significance (D’Argembeau et al., 2007), and in mentalizing self versus other (Kim, 2012).”
BackgroundZhang, G., Yin, H., Zhou, Y.-L., Han, H.-Y., Wu, Y.-H., Xing, W., Xu, H.-Z., & Zuo, X. (2012) · Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0205 · Cited by 31
“Interestingly, however, regions such as the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus associated with mind wandering and episodic memory, 41–44 which are closely related to the therapeutic effects of PC6, actually were enhanced by the acupuncture on PC6.”
Neural Systems for Own-body Processing Align with Gender Identity Rather Than Birth-assigned Sex
Majid, D. S. A., Burke, S., Manzouri, A., Moody, T. D., Dhejne, C., Feusner, J. D., & Savic, I. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz282 · Cited by 36
Fettes, P., Moayedi, M., Dunlop, K., Mansouri, F., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Giacobbe, P., Davis, K. D., Lam, R. W. M., Kennedy, S. H., Daskalakis, Z. J., et al. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.003 · Cited by 32
The wandering self: Tracking distracting self-generated thought in a cognitively demanding context
Huijser, S., van Vugt, M. K., & Taatgen, N. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.12.004 · Cited by 45
Walla, P., Duregger, C., Greiner, K., Thurner, S., & Ehrenberger, K. (2008) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0035-6 · Cited by 30
The effect of severe traumatic brain injury on social cognition, emotion regulation, and mood
McDonald, S., & Genova, H. M. (2021) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00011-6 · Cited by 36
The resource-availability model of distraction and mind-wandering
Taatgen, N., van Vugt, M. K., Daamen, J., Katidioti, I., Huijser, S., & Borst, J. P. (2021) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2021.03.001 · Cited by 47
McDonald, S., Rushby, J. A., Katie, D., Allen, S. K., & Parks, N. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1356370 · Cited by 32
“…emotion perception (Hornak, Rolls, & Wade, 1996), empathy (Shamay-Tsoory, Tomer, Goldsher, Berger, & AharonPeretz, 2004), moral judgements (Koenigs et al., 2007) judgements of psychological attributes (Mitchell, Banaji, & Macrae, 2005a, 2005b) and perspective taking (D’Argembeau et al., 2007).”
BackgroundPerspective taking in Korsakoff's syndrome: the role of executive functioning and task complexity
Oosterman, J., de Goede, M., Wester, A., van Zandvoort, M. V., & Kessels, R. (2011) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00552.x · Cited by 29
“It has been suggested that perspective taking is subserved by the prefrontal cortex (9), but the underlying mechanisms are under debate.”
BackgroundElucidating the neural correlates of egoistic and moralistic self-enhancement.
Barrios, V. R., Kwan, V. S. Y., Ganis, G., Gorman, J. L., Romanowski, J., & Keenan, J. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.03.006 · Cited by 29
“These data suggest that at least the dorsal aspects of the MPFC (dMPFC) may be involved in self-enhancement which is consistent with literature differentiating regions of the MPFC (D’Argembeau et al., 2007; Schmitz & Johnson, 2007).”
ResultCloninger, C. R., & Kedia, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9520-9_5 · Cited by 30
“For example, humor in humans is often based on incongruity (which involves a shift between expected and unexpected viewpoints at the “punch-line”) (Taber et al., 2007; D’Argembeau et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNeural substrates of shared visual experiences: a hyperscanning fMRI study
Yoshioka, A., Tanabe, H. C., Sumiya, M., Nakagawa, E., Okazaki, S., Koike, T., & Sadato, N. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab082 · Cited by 31
The Functional Roles of the Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex in Processing Uncertainty
FeldmanHall, O., Glimcher, P., Baker, A., & Phelps, E. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01443 · Cited by 28
Zhou, A., Li, S., Herbert, C., Xia, R., Xu, K., Xu, Q., Zhu, J., & Ren, D. (2013) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.807873 · Cited by 29
Learning to appreciate others: Neural development of cognitive perspective taking
Dosch, M., Loenneker, T., Bucher, K., Martin, E., & Klaver, P. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.013 · Cited by 28
“Several studies in adults have reported longer reaction times for 3PP than for 1PP (D'Argembeau et al., 2007; David et al., 2006; Vogeley et al., 2004), although in some studies the differences were not significant (Ruby and Decety, 2003, 2004).”
BackgroundWinters, D. E., Pruitt, P. J., Fukui, S., Cyders, M. A., Pierce, B. J., Lay, K., & Damoiseaux, J. S. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107832 · Cited by 37
Neural activations are related to body-shape, anxiety, and outcomes in adolescent anorexia nervosa
Xu, J., Harper, J. A., Enkevort, E. V., Latimer, K. M., Kelley, U., & McAdams, C. J. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.005 · Cited by 27
Variation of the default mode network with altered alertness levels induced by propofol
Liu, X.-Y., Li, H.-D., Luo, F., Zhang, L., Han, R., & Wang, B.-G. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s88156 · Cited by 27
“aMPFC is an important node in DMN, involved in integrating internal and external environments, emotions, and other information, and in information extraction.(28) aMPFC and PCC are correlated with spontaneous thinking activities,(29) including memories and vision of the future.”
Differential neural activation to friends and strangers links interdependence to empathy
Meyer, M., Masten, C. L., Ma, Y.-N., Wang, C., Shi, Z., Eisenberger, N., Lieberman, M. D., & Han, S.-H. (2015) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-014-0023-7 · Cited by 27
The gender you are and the gender you like: sexual preference and empathic neural responses.
Perry, D., Walder, K., Hendler, T., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.040 · Cited by 27
Zhu, L., Guo, X.-Y., Li, J., Zheng, L., Wang, Q., & Yang, Z. (2012) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20994 · Cited by 27
“…with previous studies (Kelley et al., 2002; Fossati et al., 2003; Heatherton et al., 2006; Mitchell Hippocampus et al., 2006; Moran et al., 2006; D’Argembeau et al., 2005, 2007, 2008; Benoit et al., 2010; Gutchess et al., 2010; Rameson et al., 2010), several regions including bilateral ventral,…”
ResultNeural networks involved in self-judgement in young and elderly adults
Feyers, D., Collette, F., D'Argembeau, A., Majerus, S., & Salmon, É. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.071 · Cited by 27
“…think about themselves (Northoff and Bermpohl, 2004; Northoff et al., 2006) and speci fi cally when they make judgements regarding their own personality traits (D'Argembeau et al., 2007; Gutchess et al., 2007; Heatherton et al., 2006; Ruby et al., 2009; Kelley et al., 2002; Johnson et al., 2002).”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- D'Argembeau, A., Ruby, P., Collette, F., Degueldre, C., Balteau, E., Luxen, A., Maquet, P., & Salmon, E.
- Affiliations
- 1University of Liège, Belgium
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Liège (BE)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2007-06-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 935-944
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2026985064
- Cited by
- 495
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 40.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orbi.uliege.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- medial prefrontal cortex, self-referential processing, perspective taking, social cognition, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, self-other distinction, personality judgment, third-person perspective
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Judgment, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Processes, Reaction Time, Self Concept, Prefrontal Cortex
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