The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge

Ochsner, Kevin N.; Beer, Jennifer S.; Robertson, Elaine R.; Cooper, Jeffrey C.; Gabrieli, John D.E.; Kihsltrom, John F.; D'Esposito, Mark

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.069

Cited by 562Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesPersonality Traits and PsychologyFace Recognition and Perception

The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge

Ochsner, Kevin N., Beer, Jennifer S., Robertson, Elaine R., Cooper, Jeffrey C., Gabrieli, John D.E., Kihsltrom, John F., D'Esposito, Mark·2005·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.069

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Socrates said that in order to lead a balanced life one must, "know thyself." In two fMRI experiments, the present study examined the mechanisms mediating two ways in which the self can be known: through direct appraisals (i.e., an individual's own self-beliefs) and reflected appraisals (i.e., an individual's perception of how others view him or her). Experiment 1 examined the common and distinct neural bases of direct appraisals of the self, close others, and normative judgments of trait desirability. All three judgment types activated medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) to a similar degree. Experiment 2 examined the common and distinct neural bases of (1) direct appraisals of self, a close other or a non-close other, and (2) reflected appraisals made from the perspective of a close or a non-close other. Consistent with Experiment 1, all judgment types activated MPFC. Direct appraisals of the self as compared to others more strongly recruited MPFC and right rostrolateral PFC. Direct appraisals as compared to reflected appraisals recruited regions associated with a first-person perspective (posterior cingulate), whereas reflected as compared to direct appraisals recruited regions associated with emotion and memory (insula, orbitofrontal, and temporal cortex). These results support models suggesting that MPFC mediates meta-cognitive processes that may be recruited for direct and reflected self appraisals depending upon the demands of a specific task.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.069

Cites

99 of 99 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Reflecting on one's internal state or on whether trait words apply to oneself increases activation in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, area 24 of MFa.
“reflecting on one’s internal state (101, 102) or on whether particular trait words apply to oneself (103) increases activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (area 24 of the MFa).”
From Localization of Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala (2011) · cites this paper as [103]

An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803 · see citing works
Mind, Self, and Society
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,408 · see citing works
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814 · see citing works
Handbook of Social Psychology
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596 · Cited by 5,157 · see citing works
Human Nature and the Social Order
Cooley, C. H. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203789513 · Cited by 4,847 · see citing works
The Cognitive neurosciences
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-0626 · Cited by 4,726 · see citing works
The cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-schemata and processing information about the self.
Markus, H. R. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63 · Cited by 3,911 · see citing works
Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers.
Price, D. O., Lewin, K., & Cartwright, D. (1951) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2087618 · Cited by 3,535 · see citing works
Theory of mind
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041 · Cited by 3,494 · see citing works
Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain
Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094500 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
Human Nature and the Social Order
Ginsberg, M. (1941) · Nature · doi:10.1038/148351a0 · Cited by 3,167 · see citing works
Handbook of Self and Identity
Thielke, S. M. (2004) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1071 · Cited by 3,066 · see citing works
Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function
Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071043098 · Cited by 2,997 · see citing works
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
Bem, D. J. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0024835 · Cited by 2,959 · see citing works
The Organization of Networks within the Orbital and Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Rats, Monkeys and Humans
Ongur, D. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.206 · Cited by 2,627 · see citing works
Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region
Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01501-1 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
People thinking about thinking peopleThe role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind”
Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00230-1 · Cited by 2,316 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…et al., 2000 10 48 12 NCO TOM View TOM versus non TOM stories and cartoons vMPFC Happe et al., 1996 10 44 16 NCO TOM Read TOM versus non TOM stories dMPFC Saxe and Kanwisher, 2003 6 57 18 NCO TOM Read false belief versus false photograph stories dMPFC Vogeley et al., 2001 6 56 2 NCO TOM Judge…”
Background
Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’
Gallagher, H. L., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)00025-6 · Cited by 2,092 · see citing works
Handbook of self and identity
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4918 · Cited by 2,016 · see citing works
Self-reference and the encoding of personal information.
Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.35.9.677 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour
Adolphs, R. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1056 · Cited by 1,657 · see citing works
Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study
Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S., & Heatherton, T. F. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260138672 · Cited by 1,606 · cited 12× · see citing works
“…letter recognition control dMPFC Johnson et al., 2002 0 54 8 Self Self-descriptiveness Yes/No to self reflective versus semantic questions vMPFC Kelley et al., 2002 10 52 2 Self Self-descriptiveness Self-relevant judgments versus other relevant judgments vMPFC Kircher et al., 2002 12 22 31…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension.
Fletcher, P. (1995) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-r · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers
Lewin, K., & Cartwright, D. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,428 · see citing works
Self-reference and the encoding of personal information.
Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.677 · Cited by 1,422 · see citing works
Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of ‘theory of mind’ in verbal and nonverbal tasks
Gallagher, H. L., Happé, F., Brunswick, N., Fletcher, P. C., Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00053-6 · Cited by 1,394 · see citing works
The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis
Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.371 · Cited by 1,361 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, it is possible that evaluating your own friendliness recruits highly accessible memory representations that are more structured and complex than those used to evaluate the friendliness of a work colleague (Dweck et al., 2003; Higgins and Bargh, 1987; Symons and Johnson, 1997).”
Background
Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study
Baron‐Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. C. R. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
Perspective Taking as Egocentric Anchoring and Adjustment.
Nicholas Epley, A., Keysar, B., Leaf Van Boven, A., & Gilovich, T. D. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.327 · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works
Movement and Mind: A Functional Imaging Study of Perception and Interpretation of Complex Intentional Movement Patterns
Castelli, F., Happe, F. G. E., Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0612 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: a PET investigation of agency
Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/87510 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Why the child’s theory of mind really is a theory
GOPNIK, A., & WELLMAN, H. M. (1992) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1992.tb00202.x · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
Social Intelligence in the Normal and Autistic Brain: An fMRI Study
Baron‐Cohen, S., RING, H. A., Wheelwright, S. J., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3077.003.0028 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Mind reading: Neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective
Vogeley, K., Bussfeld, P., Newen, A., Herrmann, S., Happé, F., Falkai, P., Maier, W., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Zilles, K. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0789 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Architectonic subdivision of the human orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
Öngür, D., Ferry, A. T., & Price, J. L. (2003) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10609 · Cited by 944 · see citing works
Neural correlates of self-reflection
Johnson, S. C. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf181 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Social Cognition And Social Perception
Higgins, E. T., & Bargh, J. A. (1987) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.002101 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Reflecting upon Feelings: An fMRI Study of Neural Systems Supporting the Attribution of Emotion to Self and Other
Ochsner, K. N., Knierim, K., Ludlow, D. H., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., Glover, G., & Mackey, S. C. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947829 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Link between Social Cognition and Self-referential Thought in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Mitchell, J. P., Banaji, M. R., & Macrae, C. N. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929055002418 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: evidence from event-related fMRI studies
D’Esposito, M., Postle, B. R., & Rypma, B. (2000) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210000395 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Self-citation
The self in social psychology.
Baumeister, R. F. (1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly.
Shrauger, J., & Schoeneman, T. J. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.549 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Posterior cingulate cortex activation by emotional words: fMRI evidence from a valence decision task
Maddock, R. J., Garrett, A. S., & Buonocore, M. H. (2003) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10075 · Cited by 695 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…in emotional evaluation and perspective taking (Gallagher et al., 2000; Kelley et al., 2002; Kircher et al., 2002; Lieberman et al., 2004; Maddock et al., 2003; Wicker et al., 2003), and middle and polar temporal regions in representing linguistic and semantic information useful for…”
Background
Positive illusions about the self: Short-term benefits and long-term costs.
Robins, R. W., & Beer, J. S. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.340 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Self-citation
The frontopolar cortex and human cognition: Evidence for a rostrocaudal hierarchical organization within the human prefrontal cortex
Kalina Christoff, A., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03331976 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Self-citation
How Would You Feel versus How Do You Think She Would Feel? A Neuroimaging Study of Perspective-Taking with Social Emotions
Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929041502661 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
In Search of the Emotional Self: An fMRI Study Using Positive and Negative Emotional Words
Fossati, P., Hevenor, S. J., Graham, S. J., Grady, C., Keightley, M. L., Craik, F., & Mayberg, H. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1938 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Mind and language
Guttenplan, S. (1975) · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self
Lou, H. C., Luber, B., Crupain, M., Keenan, J. P., Nowak, M., Kjaer, T. W., Sackeim, H. A., & Lisanby, S. H. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0400049101 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
A PET Investigation of the Attribution of Intentions with a Nonverbal Task
Brunet-Gouet, É., Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Baylé, M. C., & Jean Decety, A. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0525 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
In search of the self: a positron emission tomography study
Craik, F. I. M., Moroz, T. M., Moscovitch, M., Stuss, D. T., Winocur, G., Tulving, E., & Kapur, S. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00102 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Medial prefrontal activity predicts memory for self
Macrae, C. N. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh025 · Cited by 581 · cited 6× · see citing works
“…words describe the self as compared to a non-close other (George Bush), but both types of judgments recruit other regions involved in memory retrieval, such as left inferior prefrontal cortex (PFC), to the same degree as the other-referential judgments (Kelley et al., 2002; Macrae et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Imaging the Intentional Stance in a Competitive Game
Gallagher, H. L., Jack, A. I., Roepstorff, A., & Frith, C. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1117 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of Human Self-Consciousness
Vogeley, K., May, M., Ritzl, A., Falkai, P., Zilles, K., & Fink, G. R. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904970799 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience.
Ochsner, K. N., & Lieberman, M. D. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.9.717 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotions : current issues and future directions
Mayne, T. J., & Bonanno, G. A. (2001) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Do people know how others view them? An empirical and theoretical account.
Kenny, D. A., & DePaulo, B. M. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.145 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Watching social interactions produces dorsomedial prefrontal and medial parietal BOLD fMRI signal increases compared to a resting baseline
Iacoboni, M., Lieberman, M. D., Knowlton, B. J., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Moritz, M., Throop, C. J., & Fiske, A. P. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.013 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
A PET exploration of the neural mechanisms involved in reciprocal imitation
Decety, J., Chaminade, T., Grèzes, J., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0938 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
What you believe versus what you think they believe: a neuroimaging study of conceptual perspective‐taking
Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02673.x · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge
Mitchell, J. P., Heatherton, T. F., & Macrae, C. N. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.232395699 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Functional-Neuroanatomic Correlates of Recollection: Implications for Models of Recognition Memory
Kahn, I., Davachi, L., & Wagner, A. D. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0624-04.2004 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Metacognitive evaluation, self-relevance, and the right prefrontal cortex
Schmitz, T. W., Kawahara, T. N., & Johnson, S. C. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.02.018 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
The neural response to emotional prosody, as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging
Mitchell, R. L. C., Elliott, R., Barry, M., Cruttenden, A., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00017-4 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Priming of semantic autobiographical knowledge: A case study of retrograde amnesia
Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., McLachlan, D. R., & Moscovitch, M. (1988) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90035-8 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Evaluating Self-Generated Information: Anterior Prefrontal Contributions to Human Cognition.
Kalina Christoff, A., Ream, J. M., Geddes, L. P. T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.6.1161 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citation
NEURAL FOUNDATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL AND MECHANICAL CONCEPTS
Martin, A. D., & Weisberg, J. (2003) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290342000005 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Evidence-Based and Intuition-Based Self-Knowledge: An fMRI Study.
Lieberman, M. D., Jarcho, J. M., & Satpute, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.421 · Cited by 272 · cited 17× · see citing works
“ACC indicates anterior cingulate cortex, which includes activations in Brodmann Areas 24 and 32.”
BackgroundInfluential
Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology.
Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.125.3.250 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Encoding-Specific Effects of Social Cognition on the Neural Correlates of Subsequent Memory
Mitchell, J. P., Macrae, C. N., & Banaji, M. R. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0481-04.2004 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory.
Klein, S. B., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.115.1.26 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Dissociating State and Item Components of Recognition Memory Using fMRI
Donaldson, D. I., Petersen, S. E., Ollinger, J. M., & Buckner, R. L. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0664 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Being the target of another’s emotion: a PET study
Wicker, B., Perrett, D. I., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Decety, J. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00144-6 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The neural correlates of intentional and incidental self processing
Kircher, T. T. J., Brammer, M. J., Bullmore, E. T., Simmons, A., Bartels, M., & David, A. S. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00138-5 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Brain activations during conscious self‐monitoring of speech production with delayed auditory feedback: An fMRI study
Hashimoto, Y., & Sakai, K. L. (2003) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10119 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Personality from a controlled processing perspective: An fMRI study of neuroticism, extraversion, and self-consciousness
EISENBERGER, N. I., LIEBERMAN, M. D., & SATPUTE, A. B. (2005) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.5.2.169 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Two self-reference effects: The importance of distinguishing between self-descriptiveness judgments and autobiographical retrieval in self-referent encoding.
Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., & Burton, H. A. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.6.853 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Social neuroscience: Understanding the pieces fosters understanding the whole and vice versa.
Cacioppo, J. T. (2002) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.57.11.819 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self and identity as memory
Kihlstrom, J. F., Beer, J. S., & Klein, S. B. (2003) · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citation
Consciousness, Emotional Self-Regulation and the Brain
(2004) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.54 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Egocentrism versus protocentrism: The status of self in social prediction.
Karniol, R. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.3.564 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Return of the ego–Self-referent information as a filter for social prediction: comment on Karniol (2003)
Krueger, J. I. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.3.585 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Person RecognitionPreprint
Paller, K. A., Charan Ranganath, A., Gonsalves, B. D., LaBar, K. S., Parrish, T. B., Gitelman, D. R., Mesulam, M. M., & Reber, P. J. (2003) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.57403 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Brain activity during stimulus independent thought
McGuire, P. K., Paulesu, E., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)82485-1 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A multiprocess perspective on the neuroscience of emotion.
Ochsner, K. N., & Barrett, L. F. (2001) · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of self-reference versus other reference on the recall of traits and nouns
Maki, R. H., & McCaul, K. D. (1985) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03329817 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
On Bridging the Gap Between Social-Personality Psychology and Neuropsychology
Klein, S. B., & Kihlstrom, J. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0204_1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Functional Independence of Trait and Behavioral Self-Knowledge: Methodological Considerations and New Empirical Findings
Klein, S. B., Babey, S. H., & Sherman, J. W. (1997) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1997.15.3.183 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Frontal Lobe Contributions to Executive Control of Cognitive and Social Behavior.
Beer, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., & Knight, R. T. (2004) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
4. Neural substrates of conscious emotional experience
Lane, R. D., & McRae, K. (2004) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.54.06lan · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-systems give unique meaning to self variables
Dweck, C. S., Higgins, E. T., & Grant‐Pillow, H. (2003) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-reference versus desirability ratings and memory for traits.
McCaul, K. D., & Maki, R. H. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.953 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A pain by any other name (rejection, exclusion, ostracism) still hurts the same: The role of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in social and physical pain
Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2006) · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The self and social perception
Lieberman, M. D., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203311875_chapter_7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Neural substrates of conscious emotional experience: A cognitive-neuroscientific perspective. Consciousness, emotional self-regulation and the brain
Lane, R. D., & McRae, K. (2004) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Predicting Others Through Simulation or by Theory? A Method to Decide
Perner, J., Gschaider, A., Kühberger, A., et al. (1999) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/1468-0017.00103 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Rethinking rumination
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172 · see citing works
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782 · see citing works
Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain’s default network
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Reidler, J. S., Sepulcre, J., Poulin, R., & Buckner, R. L. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.005 · Cited by 2,767 · see citing works
The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind, and the default mode: a quantitative meta-analysis
Spreng, R. N., Mar, R. A., & Kim, A. S. N. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21029 · Cited by 2,143 · see citing works
Social Cognitive Neuroscience: A Review of Core Processes
Lieberman, M. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085654 · Cited by 2,010 · see citing works
Social cognition and the brain: A meta-analysis
Van Overwalle, F. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20547 · Cited by 1,792 · see citing works
Fractionating theory of mind: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies
Schurz, M., Radua, J., Aichhorn, M., Richlan, F., & Perner, J. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009 · Cited by 1,656 · see citing works
The experience of emotion
Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
“, 2006), reflected self-knowledge (Lieberman et al., 2004; Ochsner et al., 2005), and aspirations for the future (Johnson et al.”
BackgroundResult
The brain's default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation
Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2012) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858411403316 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Interoception in anxiety and depression
Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0258-9 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
The Neural Bases of Social Cognition and Story Comprehension
Mar, R. A. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145406 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network?
Qin, P., & Northoff, G. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.028 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Uniquely human social cognition
Saxe, R. (2006) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.001 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Processing of Social and Monetary Rewards in the Human Striatum
Izuma, K., Saito, D. N., & Sadato, N. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.020 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Reflecting upon Feelings: An fMRI Study of Neural Systems Supporting the Attribution of Emotion to Self and Other
Ochsner, K. N., Knierim, K., Ludlow, D. H., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., Glover, G., & Mackey, S. C. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947829 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Meta-analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Self- and Other Judgments Reveals a Spatial Gradient for Mentalizing in Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Denny, B. T., Kober, H., Wager, T. D., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00233 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Link between Social Cognition and Self-referential Thought in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Mitchell, J. P., Banaji, M. R., & Macrae, C. N. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929055002418 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Emotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review
Dixon, M. L., Thiruchselvam, R., Todd, R., & Christoff, K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000096 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
The self and social cognition: the role of cortical midline structures and mirror neurons
Uddin, L. Q., Iacoboni, M., Lange, C., & Keenan, J. P. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.01.001 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Functional connectivity in a baseline resting-state network in autism
Cherkassky, V. L., Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., & Just, M. A. (2006) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000239956.45448.4c · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Development of Anterior Cingulate Functional Connectivity from Late Childhood to Early Adulthood
Kelly, A. M. C., Di Martino, A., Uddin, L. Q., Shehzad, Z., Gee, D. G., Reiss, P. T., Margulies, D. S., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn117 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Failing to deactivate: Resting functional abnormalities in autism
Kennedy, D. P., Redcay, E., & Courchesne, E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0600674103 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of Human Self-Consciousness
Vogeley, K., May, M., Ritzl, A., Falkai, P., Zilles, K., & Fink, G. R. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904970799 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Self-reflection and the brain: A theoretical review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies with implications for schizophrenia
van der Meer, L., Costafreda, S., Aleman, A., & David, A. S. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.004 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
What is self-specific? Theoretical investigation and critical review of neuroimaging results
Legrand, D., & Ruby, P. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0014172 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science
Kring, A. M., & Moran, E. K. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn071 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Associations and dissociations between default and self-reference networks in the human brain
Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Moran, J. M., Nieto-Castañón, A., Triantafyllou, C., Saxe, R., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.048 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Self-citation
Medial prefrontal activity differentiates self from close others
Heatherton, T. F., Wyland, C. L., Macrae, C. N., Demos, K. E., Denny, B. T., & Kelley, W. M. (2006) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsl001 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
The suicidal mind and brain: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies
Jollant, F., Lawrence, N. L., Olié, E., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.556200 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Medial prefrontal cortex and the self in major depression
Lemogne, C., Delaveau, P., Freton, M., Guionnet, S., & Fossati, P. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.034 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Glutamate and the Neural Basis of the Subjective Effects of Ketamine: A Pharmaco–Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Deakin, J. F. W., Lees, J., McKie, S., Hallak, J. E. C., Williams, S. R., & Dursun, S. M. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.37 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“I know you are but what am I?!”: neural bases of self- and social knowledge retrieval in children and adults
Pfeifer, J. H., Lieberman, M. D., & Dapretto, M. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.8.1323 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The role of social cognition in emotion
Olsson, A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.11.010 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citation
The default mode network and recurrent depression: A neurobiological model of cognitive risk factors
Marchetti, I., Koster, E. H. W., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & De Raedt, R. (2012) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9199-9 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Waiting for spiders: Brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in spider phobics
Straube, T., Mentzel, H.-J., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.023 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Neural substrates of the self‐memory system: New insights from a meta‐analysis
Martinelli, P., Sperduti, M., & Piolino, P. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22008 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Clan mentality: evidence that the medial prefrontal cortex responds to close others
Krienen, F. M., Tu, P.-C., & Buckner, R. L. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2180-10.2010 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Other studies have investigated the effects of closeness or familiarity of the target to the participant (Gobbini et al., 2004; Lou et al., 2004; Schmitz et al., 2004; Ochsner et al., 2005; Heatherton et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2007; Vanderwal et al., 2008).”
Background
Gaze fixations predict brain activation during the voluntary regulation of picture-induced negative affect
van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Urry, H. L., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.052 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Medial frontal cortex: From self-generated action to reflection on one's own performance
Passingham, R. E., Bengtsson, S. L., & Lau, H. C. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.11.001 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Social‐cognitive, physiological, and neural mechanisms underlying emotion regulation impairments: understanding anxiety in autism spectrum disorder
White, S. W., Mazefsky, C. A., Dichter, G. S., Chiu, P. H., Richey, J. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.05.012 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the use of psychological distancing to regulate responses to negative social cues: a study of patients with borderline personality disorder
Koenigsberg, H. W., Fan, J., Ochsner, K. N., Liu, X., Guise, K. G., Pizzarello, S., Dorantes, C., Guerreri, S., Tecuta, L., Goodman, M., et al. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.010 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mapping mental function to brain structure: how can cognitive neuroimaging succeed?
Poldrack, R. A. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610388777 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Conversations between self and self as Sigmund Freud—A virtual body ownership paradigm for self counselling
Osimo, S. A., Pizarro, R., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep13899 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Know yourself and you shall know the other to a certain extent: multiple paths of influence of self-reflection on mindreading.
Dimaggio, G., Lysaker, P. H., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., & Semerari, A. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.02.005 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Brain regions for perceiving and reasoning about other people in school-aged children
Saxe, R. R., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Scholz, J., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01325.x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Neural Dynamics of Rejection Sensitivity
Kross, E., Egner, T., Ochsner, K., Hirsch, J., & Downey, G. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.945 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citation
Localization of Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala
Murray, E. A., Wise, S. P., & Drevets, W. C. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.041 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Theory of mind performance in children correlates with functional specialization of a brain region for thinking about thoughts
Gweon, H., Dodell-Feder, D., Bedny, M., & Saxe, R. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01829.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The representation of self and person knowledge in the medial prefrontal cortex
Wagner, D. D., Haxby, J. V., & Heatherton, T. F. (2012) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1183 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The Neural Basis of Personal Goal Processing When Envisioning Future Events
D'Argembeau, A., Stawarczyk, D., Majerus, S., Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Feyers, D., Maquet, P., & Salmon, E. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21314 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Neural correlates of using distancing to regulate emotional responses to social situations
Koenigsberg, H. W., Fan, J., Ochsner, K. N., Liu, X., Guise, K., Pizzarello, S., Dorantes, C., Tecuta, L., Guerreri, S., Goodman, M., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.002 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citation
Medial cortex activity, self-reflection and depression
Johnson, M. K., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Mitchell, K. J., & Levin, Y. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp022 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-conscious emotion deficits in frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Sturm, V. E. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl145 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Activation of Anterior Insula during Self-Reflection
Modinos, G., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004618 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-awareness and the left inferior frontal gyrus: Inner speech use during self-related processing
Morin, A., & Michaud, J. (2007) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.06.013 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based treatments for co-occurring depression and substance use disorders: what can we learn from the brain?
Brewer, J. A., Bowen, S., Smith, J. T., Marlatt, G. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02890.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“These regions have been found to play a role in linking subjective experiences through time [93,94], holding memory of traits of the self [95,96], reflected self-knowledge [97,98] and aspirations for the future [99].”
Neural systems of social comparison and the “above-average” effect
Beer, J. S., & Hughes, B. L. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.075 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self, mother and abstract other: an fMRI study of reflective social processing
Vanderwal, T., Hunyadi, E., Grupe, D. W., Connors, C. M., & Schultz, R. T. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.058 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Divergent task-dependent functional connectivity of executive control and salience networks
Elton, A., & Gao, W. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.10.012 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The social neuroscience of intergroup relations
Amodio, D. M. (2008) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280801927937 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Reduced functional coupling in the default-mode network during self-referential processing
van Buuren, M., Gladwin, T. E., Zandbelt, B. B., Kahn, R. S., & Vink, M. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20920 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Extended self: medial prefrontal activity during transient association of self and objects
Kim, K., & Johnson, M. K. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq096 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Right frontopolar cortex activity correlates with reliability of retrospective rating of confidence in short-term recognition memory performance
Yokoyama, O., Miura, N., Watanabe, J., Takemoto, A., Uchida, S., Sugiura, M., Horie, K., Sato, S., Kawashima, R., & Nakamura, K. (2010) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2041 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Roles of medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in self-evaluation
Beer, J. S., Lombardo, M. V., & Bhanji, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21359 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognition-related brain networks underpin the symptoms of unipolar depression: Evidence from a systematic review
Rayner, G., Jackson, G., & Wilson, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.022 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Protecting the self: The effect of social-evaluative threat on neural representations of self
Hughes, B. L., & Beer, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00343 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Individual differences in local gray and white matter volumes reflect differences in temperament and character: A voxel-based morphometry study in healthy young females
Van Schuerbeek, P., Baeken, C., De Raedt, R., De Mey, J., & Luypaert, R. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.073 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms and baseline prefrontal EEG alpha activity: A study utilizing Ecological Momentary Assessment
Putnam, K. M., & McSweeney, L. B. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.10.010 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Abnormal social reward responses in anorexia nervosa: an fMRI study
Via, E., Soriano-Mas, C., Sánchez, I., Forcano, L., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Pujol, J., Martínez-Zalacaín, I., Menchón, J. M., Fernández-Aranda, F., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133539 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A neural model of mechanisms of empathy deficits in narcissism.
Zajkowski, W. (2013) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.889593 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A role for the precuneus in thought-action fusion: evidence from participants with significant obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Jones, R., & Bhattacharya, J. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.11.008 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-Esteem Modulates the Time Course of Self-Positivity Bias in Explicit Self-Evaluation
Zhang, H., Guan, L., Qi, M., & Yang, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081169 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Neural effects of a short-term virtual reality self-training program to reduce social anxiety
Kim, M.-K., Eom, H., Kwon, J. H., Kyeong, S., & Kim, J.-J. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003098 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-esteem modulates dorsal anterior cingulate cortical response in self-referential processing
Yang, J., Dedovic, K., Chen, W., & Zhang, Q. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Neural activity during self-referential working memory and the underlying role of the amygdala in social anxiety disorder
Yoon, H.-J., Kim, J. S., Shin, Y.-B., Choi, S.-H., Lee, S.-K., & Kim, J.-J. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.068 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mnemonic Introspection in Macaques Is Dependent on Superior Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex But Not Orbitofrontal Cortex
Kwok, S. C., Cai, Y., & Buckley, M. J. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0330-19.2019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Area-dependent time courses of brain activation during video-induced symptom provocation in social anxiety disorder
Boehme, S., Mohr, A., Becker, M. P., Miltner, W. H., & Straube, T. (2014) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-4-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Modulation of the brain's core-self network by self-appraisal processes
Delahoy, R., Davey, C. G., Jamieson, A. J., Finlayson-Short, L., Savage, H. S., Steward, T., & Harrison, B. J. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118980 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Development of Self-Concept in Childhood and Adolescence: How Neuroscience Can Inform Theory and Vice Versa
Crone, E. A., & van Drunen, L. (2024) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000539844 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“These studies showed that evaluating self-traits relative to control items (e.g., counting the number of syllables) was associated with increased activity in the cortical midline regions of the brain, particularly the mPFC and the precuneus (Ochsner et al., 2005).”
Altered Function of Superior Parietal Lobule Associated with Perceptive Awareness in First-Episode Drug-Naïve Panic Disorders: A Preliminary fMRI Study
Jin, H., Zhang, B., Cui, H., Li, W., Li, H., Hu, Q., Wang, J., & Li, C. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s248453 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Re-evaluating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in reward and reinforcement
Noonan, M. P., Kolling, N., Walton, M. E., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08023.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
[Orbitofrontal cortex and morality].
Funayama, M., & Mimura, M. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of insula damage on decision-making for risky gains and losses
Weller, J. A., Levin, I. P., Shiv, B., & Bechara, A. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910902934400 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Necessary, Yet Dissociable Contributions of the Insular and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortices to Norm Adaptation: Computational and Lesion Evidence in Humans
Gu, X., Wang, X., Hula, A., Wang, S., Xu, S., Lohrenz, T. M., Knight, R. T., Gao, Z., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2906-14.2015 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Damage to insula abolishes cognitive distortions during simulated gambling
Clark, L., Studer, B., Bruss, J., Tranel, D., & Bechara, A. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1322295111 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Authors: Ochsner, K. N., Beer, J. S., Robertson, E. R., Cooper, J. C., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Kihsltrom, J. F., & D'Esposito, M.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
University of California, Davis (US)
Stanford University (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Ochsner, Kevin N.
ORCID: Ochsner, Kevin N.
Beer, Jennifer S.
Gabrieli, John D.E.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-12
Volume: 28
Issue: 4
Pages: 797-814
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.069
OpenAlex: W2166035904
Cited by: 562
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 15.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
National Institutes of Health (5f32mh066574-02)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH66574-01)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Keywords: self-knowledge, medial prefrontal cortex, rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, metacognition, first-person perspective, emotion and memory
MeSH terms: Adult, Brain, Cognition, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Personality, Self Concept, Social Perception, Prefrontal Cortex

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks