Prediction error associated with the perceptual segmentation of naturalistic events
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Predicting the near future is important for survival and plays a central role in theories of perception, language processing, and learning. Prediction failures may be particularly important for initiating the updating of perceptual and memory systems and, thus, for the subjective experience of events. Here, we asked observers to make predictions about what would happen 5 sec later in a movie of an everyday activity. Those points where prediction was more difficult corresponded with subjective boundaries in the stream of experience. At points of unpredictability, midbrain and striatal regions associated with the phasic release of the neurotransmitter dopamine transiently increased in activity. This activity could provide a global updating signal, cuing other brain systems that a significant new event has begun.
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Mismatches between expected and actual outcomes might produce boundaries and later shifts in context, aligning with findings that such mismatches promote segmentation in learning.
“One possibility is that prediction errors, or discrepancies between expected and actual outcomes, generate event boundaries and ensuing context shifts [38–40], consistent with evidence that prediction errors can drive segmentation in learning [41,42].”
From Does mental context drift or shift? (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
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Event Perception and MemoryPreprint
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- Authors
- Zacks, J. M., Kurby, C. A., Eisenberg, M. L., & Haroutunian, N.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zacks, Jeffrey M.
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2011-12-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4057-4066
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- PMC
- PMC8653780
- OpenAlex
- W2148606162
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RO1MH70674)
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG000030)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH70674, R01MH070674)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- prediction error, perceptual segmentation, subjective experience, stream of consciousness, dopamine release, midbrain, striatum, event prediction, memory updating, naturalistic video
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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