Human striatal response to salient nonrewarding stimuli
Open accessAbstract
Although one proposed function of both the striatum and its major dopamine inputs is related to coding rewards and reward-related stimuli, an alternative view suggests a more general role of the striatum in processing salient events, regardless of their reward value. Here we define saliency as an event that both is unexpected and elicits an attentional-behavioral switch (i.e., arousing). In the present study, human striatal responses to nonrewarding salient stimuli were investigated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal was measured in response to flickering visual distractors presented in the background of an ongoing task. Distractor salience was manipulated by altering the frequency of distractor occurrence. Infrequently presented distractors were considered more salient than frequently presented distractors. We also investigated whether behavioral relevance of the distractors was a necessary component of saliency for eliciting striatal responses. In the first experiment (19 subjects), the distractors were made behaviorally relevant by defining a subset of them as targets requiring a button press. In the second experiment (17 subjects), the distractors were not behaviorally relevant (i.e., they did not require any response). The fMRI results revealed increased activation in the nucleus accumbens after infrequent (high salience) relative to frequent (low salience) presentation of distractors in both experiments. Caudate activity increased only when the distractors were behaviorally relevant. These results demonstrate a role of the striatum in coding nonrewarding salient events. In addition, a functional subdivision of the striatum according to the behavioral relevance of the stimuli is suggested.
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The reported hyper-activation during reward anticipation and receipt might reflect non-reward specific effects of ADHD on the processing of salient events.
“Specifically, we cannot exclude the possibility that the reported hyper-activation during reward anticipation and receipt reflects non-reward specific effects of ADHD on the processing of salient events 49.”
From Increased neural responses to reward in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings (2015) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Zink, C. F., Pagnoni, G., Martin, M. E., Dhamala, M., & Berns, G. S.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2003-09-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 8092-8097
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6740503
- OpenAlex
- W1660666227
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K08 DA00367, K08DA000367)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB002635)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- striatum, salience, nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, dopamine, behavioral relevance, distractor frequency, reward coding
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Behavior, Caudate Nucleus, Corpus Striatum, Female, Fingers, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nucleus Accumbens, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Reward
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